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AUTHOR: 


THIERSCH,  FRIEDRICH 


TITLE: 


GREEK  TABLES 


PLACE: 


ANDOVER 


DA  TE : 


1822 


COLUMBIA  UNIVERSITY  LIBRARIES 
PRESERVATION  DEPARTMENT 


Master  Negative  # 


BIBLIOGRAPHIC  MICROFORM  TARGET 


Original  Material  as  Filmed  -  Existing  Bibliographic  Record 


I 


887^58 

T3dl 


.Thiersch,  Friodrich, -1784-1860. 

Greek  tablcsy  or,  A  nothod  of  teaching  the 
Groolc  paradi{7i  in  n  more  simple  and  fundamental 
manner,  by  D.Friedricli  Thiersch...  To  which  is 
added  an  essay  on  the  dialects,  from  Buttmann^s 

Grammar.  Tr.  by  R.D-Patton. • .   /jidover,  Flarg, 
1822. 

iv,  5-8^)  p.    2^?T  cm. 


^ 


Restrictions  on  Use: 


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Madison  Ave.  and  49th  „:_^',  New  York. 
B^stde  th*;  main  topic,  this  book  also  treats  of 
^ubjtctNo.  On^gt  SubjtctXo.  On  ^gt 


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GREEK  TABLE 


C0L.C01.L>j 

LIBRARY 


N.YORK. 


OR 


A  METHOD  OF  TEACHING  THE  GREEK  PARADIGM 


IN  A  MORE  SIMPLE  AND  FUNDAMENTAL  MANNER    , 


Bt  D.  FRIEDRICH  THIERSCH 


f  ROF.  IN  THE  LYCEUM  AND  PRINCIPAL  OF  THE  PHILOLOG.  SEM.  AT  MUNICH 


TO  WHICH  IS  ADDED 


AN  ESSAY  ON  THE  DIALECTS, 


FROM  BUTTMANN^S  GRAMMAR. 


translated 
By  K.  B?TPATT0N 

PROFESSOR  OF  LANGUAGES    IN  MIDDLEBURY  COLLEGE. 


ANDOVER 


PRINTED  AT  THE  CODMAN  PRESS 


BY  FLAGG  AND  GOULD 


1822. 


i** 


/ 


/ 


ADVERTISEMENT. 


<:^ 

t--. 

«< 


The  present  translation  originated  in  a  sincere  desire  to  excite 
and  cherish,  in  the  youth  of  our  country,  a  thirst  for  more  exten- 
sive investigation,  in  the  subjects  connected  with  the  Greek  Gram- 
mar  and  Literature.  The  author  holds  a  distinguished  rank  in 
Germany,  among  those  who  have  laboured  so  successfully,  of  late 
years,  to  facilitate  the  study  of  the  Greek  language. 

The  original  work  was  not  designed  by  the  Author  to  enter 
the  lists  with  any  Grammars  in  common  use,  and  the  same  may  be 
said  of  the  translation.  In  Germany,  the  Original  has  been  gene- 
rally admitted  into  the  Gymnasia,  even  where  the  Greek  Grammar 
of  the  Author  is  not  adopted  for  the  purposes  of  elementary  instruc- 
tion. And  if  the  Translation  can  succeed  in  extending  the  views 
of  our  students  beyond  the  range  of  mere  grammatical  forms,  and 
the  modes  of  instruction  to  which  they  have  been  accustomed,  and 
enable  them  to  participate  in  the  views  and  feelings  of  the  schol- 
ars of  a  portion  of  Europe,  so  conspicuous  for  philological  attain- 
ments, the  translator  will  have  reason  greatly  to  rejoice,  although 
the  translation,  as  a  translation,  may  not  be  approved. 

The  Translator  confe!?ses  himself  of  the  number  who  value 
highly  the  philological  works  of  the  Germans,  and  who  earnestly 
desire  to  see  them  circulated  in  our  country  ;  to  see  the  same  spir- 
it of  laborious  research  and  expansive  inquiry  infused  into  the  bos- 
ouis  of  our  youth  ;  in  order  that  we  may  avail  ourselves  of  the  ad- 
vances made  by  others;  of  their  experience,  habits,  thoughts,  and 
feelings  ;  and  thus,  be  enabled  to  cope  with  them  in  future  research- 
es. Whether  this  be  possible,  under  the  present  inauspicious 
frowns  of  the  Government  on  our  expanding  literature,  is  a  seri- 
ous, and  to  every  genuine  student  a  painful  question.  But  every 
one  who  wishes  to  mitigate  in  some  degree  the  deserved  reproach- 
es, cast  upon  us  by  the  monarchical  nations  of  Europe,  will  eager- 
ly embrace  the  least  opportunity,  to  extend  our  views  beyond  the 
limits  of  our  colleges,  our  cities,  and  even  of  our  country  itself. 

The  system  developed  in  this  work  does  not  differ  materially 
from  that  of  Buttmann.  Thiersch  has  pursued  the  analysis  a  step 
or  two  further,  with  what  success  every  one  must  decide  for  bim- 
self 


5072 


f 


^.5 


V 


JV 


ADVERTISEMENT. 


The  Edition  of  the  Tables,  that  of  1813,  to  which  I  had  access, 
literally  swarmed  with  errors  of  the  press.  So  far  as  time  would 
permit  I  have  endeavoured  to  eradicate  them,  and  not  to  commit 
new  ones  in  correcting  the  old.  It  has  been  thought  expedient  al- 
so to  render  the  Homeric  Paradigms  more  complete,  by  some  addi- 
tions, principally  from  the  second  edition  of  the  Grammar  of  the 
Author.  These  additions  being  merely  from  another  work  of  the 
Author,  it  was  not  thought  necessary  to  specify  them  particularly. 

The  Original  was  printed  in  tables  and  in  the  folio  form.  The 
whole  work  is  here  reduced  to  a  smaller  size  which  renders  it 
more  convenient  and  less  expensive.  On  the  dialects,  we  have 
preferred  the  small  but  comprehensive  treatise  of  Buttmann.  Mat- 
thias's  account  is  somewhat  confused,  and  probably,  in  a  historical 
point  of  view,  incorrect.  Many  assertions  of  Thiersch,  on  this 
head,  are  perhaps  too  gratuitous.  Buttmann  is  always  chaste  and 
inductive. 

As  to  the  translation  itself,  much  might  be  said,  as  usual,  on 
the  crowd  of  German  technics,  and  the  unwieldy  and  refractory 
German  sentences,  which  almost  refuse  to  receive  the  English 
dress.  But  I  forbear.  To  those  who  are  acquainted  with  the  Ger- 
man, and  especially  the  German  of  the  prefaces  to  this  work,  noth- 
ing need  be  said :  to  those  who  are  not,  all  that  could  be  said 
would  be  in  vain. 

I  close  with  the  hope,  that  those  who  have  more  time  and  abil- 
ity for  such  an  employment,  may  endeavour  by  means  of  transla- 
tions, to  extend  our  acquaintance  with  the  philological  works  of 
foreign  nations,  especially  of  Germany,  and  thus  produce  that  uni- 
versal literary  excitement,  which  eventually  must  secure  to  us  the 
highest  literary  privileges,  as  well  as  establish  our  national  pros- 
perity  on  the  firmest  basis. 


PREFACE 


TO  THE  EDITION  OF  1808. 


To  be  thoroughly  grounded  in  the  Greek  Paradigm,  it  is  not 
enough  that  the  learner  be  able,  immediately,  or,  at  least,  upon  a 
little  recollection,  to  analyse  every  form  which  presents  itself,  for 
example,  leKjpd^eitjaav,,  to  tell  immediately  what  it  is,  and  that  the 
root  contains  Xti^n^  Xei^^  or  X{t(p,  He  must  also  be  prepared,  as  in 
the  Latin,  without  the  labour  of  conjugating,  to  give,  in  its  prop- 
er form,  any  mood,  tense,  and  person  of  any  verb  at  pleasure. 
Should  the  instructor,  therefore,  demand  the  1.  Aor.  Mid.  Opt. 
mood.  3  pers.  Dual  numb,  of  X9^^^^^  ^^  must  be  able  promptly 
tq  answer  XQvOdiaaia^riv . 

Owing  to  the  endless  complication  of  the  Greek  Paradig^m, 
this  attainment  has  been  deemed  impossible  for  the  beginner; 
and  so  indeed  it  must  be,  if  we  consider  the  vast  multitude  of 
rules  in  our  grammars,  regarded  as  indispensable  for  the  for- 
mation of  as  great  a  number  of  tenses.  Every  one,  however, 
who  will  pursue  the  method  here  pointed  out  in  explaining  the 
forms  and  in  using  the  paradigm,  will  find  it,  I  think,  not  only  pos- 
sible, but,  to  the  gratification  of  both  teacher  and  learner,  not  even 
difficult.  The  paradigm  must  be  reduced  to  its  simple  constituent 
parts,  as  is  done  in  the  following  pages,  and  these  parts  united 
again  under  the  inspection  of  the  learner.  Thus  the  different 
parts  necessary  for  the  formation  of  any  mood,  person,  tense,  &c. 
whatever,  arrange  themselves  naturally  in  his  memory  ;  and  while 
the  question  of  the  instructor  suggests  first  the  mood,  then  the 
tense,  and  finally  the  person,  the  learner  forms  them  immediately 
in  the  same  order.  Let  ji^QvafaGala^^iv^  for  instance,  be  requir- 
ed. First  of  all,  the  teacher  referring  him  to  the  I.  Aor.  Mid.  he 
forms  this  tense  from  the  root  and  termination,  ixQiGODGUfiriV^  ac- 
cording to  the  given  rules. '  Secondiv,  the  teacher  referring  hira 


*  I 


6 


PREFACE  TO  THE  EDITION  OF   1808. 


to  the  Optative  mood,  he  rejects  the  mutable  parts  e ctfif^v  so 

that  x(i^o(^o  remains,  and  introduces  the  characteristic  vowel  of 
the  mood,*  («*)  e.  g.  X9^^^^^^-  Finally,  the  teacher  referring 
him  to  the  3  pers.  Dual  number,  he  knows  that  the  Optative  has, 
in  this  person,  the  termination  peculiar  to  the  Secondary  tenses,  t 
which  is  so  familiar  to  him  that  in  the  present  case  he  immediate- 
ly suggests  (ji^iyi/,  and  will  give  the  completed  form  XQVGtoaotlad^^v. 
Or  let  the  Perf.  Pass,  of  ktyoj  (ground-form  A^A^y,)  and  Infin. 
mood  (termination  a&ui  subjoined,)  be  required,  and  he  answers, 

with  little   hesitation,  XiXfya&atr kiXi'x&ac  (§  5.  3.  and  §  3. 

Note  1.) 

Experience  has  taught  the  author  that  after  the  explanation 
of  the  paradigm,  but  little  additional  practice  was  necessary,  in  or- 
der to  acquire  suitable  facility;  for  such  is  the  consistency  and 
well  grounded  regularity  of  the  Greek  paradigm,  that  the  begin- 
ner will  very  soon  tind  himself  at  home.  It  is  evident,  however, 
that  in  order  to  obtain  our  end,  besides  the  analysis  of  the  para- 
digm into  its  constituent  parts,  we  must  endeavour  to  simplify  the 
various  doctrines  and  rules  concerning  augments,  shortening  long 
syllables,  &c. — especially  concerning  the  formation  of  the  tenses. 
How  can  we  expect  the  beginner  to  give  a  person  of  some  remote 
tense,  for  example  the  3  pers.  Plur.  numb.  Aor.  1.  Pass.  Indicat. 
mood  of  7ra\'>cu,  if  he  is  forced  from  the  present  into  the  iFut.Act. 
thence  into  the  Perf  Act.,  thence  into  the  Perf.  Pass.,  then  into 
the  3  pers.  Sing,  of  the  same,  and  thus  finally  arrives  at  the  Aor. 
1  Pass.?  The  old  deduction-theory  which  has  been  already  in  part 
abandoned  by  others,  is  here  entirely  rejected,  and  the  tenses  in 
general  derived  immediately  from  the   Praes.,  or  rather,   together 

♦  (Modusvocal)  Our  language  rather  revolts  at  the  unbounded  liberty 
in  the  conaposition  of  words  which  the  German  enjoys.  But  the  transla- 
tor feels  hinaself  constrained  to  adopt,  hereafter,  for  the  sake  of  brevity,  on 
the  frequent  recurrence  of  this  phrase  {Modusvocal^)  the  literal  but  apposite 
expression  jWoorf-rou>«/.  Vid.  J  15. 

t  {Kebtniempora)  By  Primary  and  Secondary  tenses^  used  throughout  tliis 
work  to  denote  the  Haupltcmpora  and  J^ebeulempora  of  the  original,  is  meant 
no  more  t'  an  this,  that,  in  respect  to  the  form,  {der  form  nachy)  the  primary 
tenses  (Praes.  Fut.  Perf.)  have  each  connected  with  them  a  secondary  tense 
(Imperf.  Aor.  Plusqpf.)  called  by  ButimaoQ  historical  lenses,  (historische  tem- 
pora)  Ausfuhrliche  Gramm.  J  81.   (Tr.) 


PREFACE  TO  THE  EDITION  OF  1808.  7 

with  the  Praes.,  from  the  common  root.  Any  doubts  on  this  head 
will,  it  is  hoped,  be  entirely  dissipated  by  a  nearer  examination  of 
the  paradigm. 

If  we  now  demand  of  the  learner  thus  initiated,  the  above 
mentioned  Aor.  1.  Pass.  Ind.  Mood,  Plur.  numb.  3  pers.  he  will  im- 
mediately to  its  ground-form  fmid^  annex  the  personal  termina- 
tion d^fiGap  ;  but,  being  accustomed  to  change  t  before  another  r 
into  a,  (§  4.  5.  Note  2.)  he  will  suggest  without  hesitation,  tmia- 

This  may  serve  to  explain  the  mode  of  proceeding  in  question- 
ing the  learner  concerning  the  tenses.  The  advantage  however 
of  this  method  in  recognizing  and  developing  the  forms  which  oc- 
cur in  reading,  as  well  as  in  promoting  a  rapid  progress  and  a  gen- 
erous freedom  in  the  language,  is  very  evident.  Whoever  will  ac- 
quaint himself  with  the  forms  by  mere  effort  of  memory,  never 
obtains  a  sure  possession  of  them.  Rigid  method,  so  requisite  in 
most  cases,  is  here  in  a  special  manner  necessary,  and  only  what 
we  learn  methodically  can  take  root  and  thrive.  The  committing 
the  paradigm  to  memory,  which  is  still  necessary  for  acquiring  fa- 
cility in  the  use  of  the  forms,  proceeds  with  greater  ease  and  accu- 
racy if  the  whole  is  grounded  on  a  system  of  derivation  or  forma- 
tion which  presents  itself  at  every  step.  The  arrangement  of  the 
whole,  however,  (which  in  the  introductory  part  must  descend  to 
a  consideration  of  even  the  letters  or  elementary  parts  of  words,) 
is  worthy  of  investigation — perhaps  of  regard  by  those  who  are 
employed  in  the  business  of  instruction.  The  author  trusts  that  he 
may  be  indulged  in  making  such  a  suggestion,  if,  without  neglect- 
ing the  most  recent  investigations  of  Grammarians,  he  has  been 
fortunate  enough  to  simplify  the  doctrine  of  Greek  forms,  and 
bring  it  out  of  its  former  confused  state,  but  still  without  adopting 
the  arbitrary  principles  of  Lennep  and  others. 


I 


PREFACE 


TO  THE  EDITION  OF  1809. 

The  paradigm  has  met  with  a  more  favourable  reception  than 
I  had  ventured  to  anticipate.  When  that  which  is  sanctioned  by 
custom  is  attacked,  although  without  noise  or  arrogance,  the  op- 
position of  those  is  awakened  who  are  unable  or  unwilling  to  com- 
prehend what  is  new.  What  is  old  and  customary  is  become,  from 
long  use,  both  familiar  and  dear  to  them.  In  giving  shape,  how- 
ever, to  a  mass  hitherto  only  partially  reduced  to  order,  many 
circumstances  were  necessarily  arranged  otherwise  than  in  the 
common  method.  Hence  a  number  might  easily  fail  of  the  desired 
success,  and  thus  afford  occasion  to  the  captious  of  expressing  their 
chagrin. 

Contrary  to  my  expectations  the  method  here  proposed  was 
placed,  by  the  Gottingen  Gelehrte  Anzeigen  No.  45.  1808,  unmo- 
lested, by  the  side  of  earlier  attempts,  and  the  issue  awaited.  By 
the  New  Leipsic  LiWaiur  Zeiimg  No.  117.  1808,  it  was  received 
as  to  its  distinguishing  features,  and  the  old  deduction-theory  re- 
jected. By  the  Jena  AUgemeine  Lit.  Zeit,  No.  192.  1808,  it  was 
received  without  any  limitation  or  moditication,  ''became  thereby 
life  is  restored  to  a  tnass  heretofore  dead^  and  the  rich  design  mani- 
fest in  this  systematic  language  is  clearly  demonstrated,  which,  for  a 
long  time,  has  been  regarded  as  the  spiritless  work  of  caprice  or  chance,^^ 
In  consequence  of  this  the  paradigm  came  into  frequent  use,  and 
was  introduced  into  many  of  the  more  respectable  Gymnasia ;  nor 
has  any  one  yet  been  found,  who  has  not,  from  his  own  experi- 
ence, realized  their  utility. 

This  new  edition,  which  appears  nine  months  after  the  first, 
will  shew  that  I  have  paid  a  due  regard  to  the  objections  advanc- 
ed by  others,  and  have  adopted  their  proposed  improvements ;  at 
the  same  time,  that  I  have  been  fully  sensible  how  imperfect  the 


PREFACE  TO  THE  EDITION  OF  1  809.  f 

former  edition  was.  The  present  edition  is  enriched  principally 
by  the  addition  of  the  Homeric  paradigm,  which  the  study  of  Ho- 
mer renders  so  desirable.  To  our  friend  Mr.  Assessor  D.  Dissen, 
we  are  indebted  for  the  careful  enumeration  of  the  Homeric  forms, 
who  instituted  a  thorough  examination  of  Homer,  in  order  that 
nothing  of  importance  might  escape  us.  The  last  tables,  exclu- 
sively the  result  of  his  labours,  will  prove,  no  doubt,  to  the  young 
friends  of  Homer  an  acceptable  present. 

It  was  not  till  lately  that  an  attack  was  made  upon  this  meth- 
od by  one,  whose  opposing  voice,  I  had,  from  the  commencement, 
expected  to  hear.  In  the  Jena  Allgem.  Lit,  Zeit,  No.  4.  of  this 
year,  appeared  an  article,  "  some  strictures  on  Thiersch''s  paradigm 
of  the  Greek  verb  by  F — G."  written  with  much  warmth.  The  re- 
marks of  the  author,  who  has  never  made  a  trial  of  the  method, 
and,  nevertheless,  threatens  to  overturn  it  as  prejudicial  to  the 
cause  of  instruction,  concern,  for  the  most  part,  mere  trifles,  which 
might  be  altered  by  a  single  stroke  of  the  pen  if  really  necessa- 
ry. Besides,  these  cavils  expose,  not  only  the  animosity,  but  the  ig- 
norance also,  of  the  author.  He  threatens  to  subvert  the  method 
in  one  of  its  principal  parts,  by  objecting,  to  the  derivation  of  ev- 
ery tense  from  the  root,  the  form  xfTixfarat  for  rirvfAfitvot,  eial, 
and  thus  wishes  to  deduce  the  original  epic  form  from  the  much 
younger  aspirated  Perf.  Act. — On  this  point,  however,  the  deriva- 
tion of  the  tenses,  it  is  necessary  to  be  more  explicit,  that  I  may 
avoid,  for  the  future,  the  imputation  of  a  desire  of  change  and  a 
fondness  for  arbitrary  arrangement. 

In  the  oldest  Grammarians  traces  are  found  of  that  method,  ac- 
cording to  which,  the  tenses  are  formed  in  such  a  manner,  that  one 
is  always  made  the  foundation  of  another;  e.  g.  from  Ido^tiv  is 
formed  do&i^aofiai,  from  tqftXa,  hfcXafitjv,  kc.  The  opinion  was 
finally  adopted,  that,  in  order  to  arrive  at  any  form  after  the  PraRS., 
we  must  pass  through  another  form  to  which  it  seemed  to  bear 
some  analogy.  But  we  find  it  no  where  asserted,  that  this  system 
of  derivation  is  not  equally  valid  and  useful  when  the  order  is  in- 
verted, and  I86&r}v  formed  from  So&tjaofiai.,  or  ezvipa  from  rtzvcpu. 
Thus  the  author  of  the  Halle  Grammar,  to  whom  most  of  us  are 
indebted  for  our  elementary  instruction,  thinks  he  has  simplified 
the  business,  when  he  advises  us  to  derive  all  the  tenses  of  the 
Pass,  from  the  corresponding  tenses  of  the  Act.     At  least,  it  is  not 


h 


I 


10 


PREFACE  TO  THE  EDITIO?,'  OF  1809. 


a  more  capricious  mode  of  proceeding,  to  change,  for  the  Fut.  Pass. 
t/;a>  into  (fd^tjaoficci,  |w   into  x^V^yofiac,  and  for  the  Aor.   ipa  into 
(fd^tjv,  ^a  into  x^V^^  than,   according  to  the  common  method,  to 
convert  (fa  into  f^fum,  ya  into  yfiut,  and  xa  sometimes  into  (acii  and 
sometimes  into  Ojua^  in  order  to  obtain  the  Perf.  Pass. ;  or,  in  or- 
der to  arrive  at  the  Aor.  1.  Pass,  of  (Tr()iVw,  to  lead  us  through  ia- 
TQiipa^  tdTQfifa,  i(STQct^fxat>,  taTQcmroii,  iarQccn-x^t]!/.     When  any 
method  is  so  arbitrary,  we  may  be  assured  that  it  has  wandered 
far  from  the  way  which  the  language  has  pursued  in  its  formation. 
First  of  all,  we  cannot  mistake  the  analogous  formation  of  those 
tenses  which  are  classed  together  in  the  paradigm  as  primary  and 
s^econdary  tenses,   rizvcfa   frfrvqfcv^  rvqj^iiaoinai  hvif^tjv,  ryi/zw 
fTvipa,  kc.     Should  this  already  appear  capricious,  to  receive  a 
doubtful  Fut.  axtffjw,  in  order  to  obtain  fjxyoa,  still  it  is  a  matter  of 
indifference,  in  itself  considered,  whether  we  form  tvqjdr^GOfiat.  from 
fTV(f>$Tjp,  or  iTiKfdtjv  from  rvifdi'jOOfAac^  were  it  not  necessary  to  ren- 
der this  mode  of  proceeding  subservient  to  a  more  important  end. 
Of  this  however  more   hereafter.     What  now  concerns   us  is,  to 
strike   at   the   root  of  the   old  deduction-theory,    which    renders 
even  the  primary  tenses  dependent   on   other  forms,  e.  g.  xervqa 
on  iTVi^fa,  TtTv^^at  on  rtrvqa,  Tvq^^i^aofiai  through  hv(fOyjv  on 
TtT VTiTtit.     Let  us  commence  with  the   Perf   which  Grammarians 
have  begun  to  regard   as   n  finished  or  perfect  presenU*     {Prcesens 
perfectutn^  TiVfqra,  1  have  struck — just  now.) 

For  the  unfinished  or  imperfect  present,  {Pr(Bsens  imperfecium,) 
certain  terminations  were  invented,  Plur. — fifv—Tf—vtav^  and 
were  subjoined  to  the  root, — 


q)a 

(pa  flip 

(fctre 

{(pdvTOi) 

quGL 

Pd 

^cififp 

Pdrf 

{^dvTGI,) 

pa(H, 

tXcL 

rldfiiv 

zkdre 

{zXapTGi) 

tXolgv 

To  denote  that  the  present  was  past  or  finished  {Press,  perf) 
the  reduplication  was  introduced  into  the  three  radical  languages, 
{^{^dfAfp,  gegangen,  cecidi,)  and  thus  originated  the  ground-forms 
of  the  Perf.  which  have  been  preserved  entire,  in  the  epic  lan- 

♦  Compare  Hermann  de  emend,  rat.  Graec.  Grarara.  p.  186.  Matthiae 
ausf.  GrJimm.  p.  685,  and  (he  ingenious  dissertation  ♦'</«  Temporibus  et  Modis 
verbi  Grttci"'  by  Ludolp  Georg.  Dissen,  p.  5,  seq.  From  this  dissertation  are 
borrowed  the  names  of  the  tenses  which  are  here  employed. 


PREFACE  TO  THE  EDITION  OF   1809. 


11 


guage.     Single  persons,   the  3d  for   instance,  have  found   their 
way  into  all  the  dialects. — 

TfrldfAfv  Tixldti  {vfTldyrat)  tfrXaGt 

Pf^dfxep  pf^dre  {fif^dpTGi)  ^e^ccGt 

i<5dfA{p  igdte  {t^dvTGt)  izolgi 

According  to  the  same  analogy 
Imperf.  (Praeteritum  imperfectum,)  i^dfjitv^  ifidre,  ifidoav,  hldfup^ 
txldxi^  ixXdGav, 

Plusqpf  {fSfpdfifp,  ipi^dTf,  i^ffidGap,)  hixXdfifv,  hixXdn,  *r- 
ixXdGuv,  the  former  with  an  Aor.  signification. 

Such  forms  as  f^t^ufifp  were  forbidden  by  the  metre  of  the 
epic  language,  while  ixtxloLfxep  and  fft'^aGctv  were  admitted  and 
retained.  It  seems  inconsistent  with  the  progressive  formation  of  ) 
the  language,  and  therefore  arbitrary,  to  derive,  as  is  done  in  the 
Grammars,  xtxXa^ev^  xixXaxe^  xfxXiGi,  by  an  unnecessary  syn- 
cope, from  TfrAad^u**',  xixlddre,  and  these  forms  again,  by  syn- 
cope, from  xexki^xufifp,  kc.  thus  regarding  the  fullest  form  as  the 
original  one. 

The  first  short  a  in  the  3  pers.  Plur.  as  ^{(iddGi.,  fAffiddGi,  yt- 
yddoi,  is  not  derived  from  any  syncopated  form,  but  depends  upon 
the  same  rule  in  the  epic  language,  which  permits  og^g  to  be 
lengthened  into  OQOiocg.  II.  7.  448.  ccGxalu  into  uGxalcKx.  11.2.293. 
^puGd^ai  into  fivccaG&oci.  Od.  1.  39.  or  alxicHxo  into  aixiocDxo.  II. 
11.  653. 

Add  to  this,  that  for  the  Sing.,  -a-ag-a  (from  ta-eug-te  the 
original  Perf  of  d^i)  were  adopted,  and  we  have  the  original 
conjugation  of  the  Perf  Act.  This  has  been  retained  in  d/w,  ddfa, 
S(id(a  (root  di,)  the  verse  and  a  regard  for  euphony,  however, 
generally  requiring  the  e  in  dtdtOL  to  be  lengthened  into  diidm,  as 
in  d{iSiX(xxa(,  for  dedixaxaL.    Od.  7.  72. 

II.  13.481. 
Od.   18.  79. 
II.  18.  34. 
II.  9.  230. 

II.  20.  366.  as  Imper. 
II.  24.  663.  for  dfdcv- 
Here  f  remains  in  its  simple  form  be- 
To  this   original  conjugation  of  the 
Perf.  (which  in  the  Dual  andTIur.  is  deficient  in  all  the   mood- 


Sing.  1. 

del  Si 

-     « 

2. 

SfiSi 

-    ccg 

3. 

dfiSi 

-      £ 

Plur.  1. 

dfldi 

-      fifP 

2. 

dfidt. 

-      X€ 

3. 

dedi 

-      CiGt 

fff*  with  the  Ionic  a  for  v. 

cause  the 

verse 

permits  it 

IS 


PREFACE  TO  THE  EDITION  OF  1  &09. 


PREFACE  TO  THE  EDITION  OP  1809. 


13 


TOwel«,  and  for  this  reason  follows  the  analogy  of  the  conjugation 
in  ju*,)  belong  such  forms  of  the  Imper.  as  xialv^i'^  titXcc^i^  t*^- 
va^*,  SeiSi^i; — of  the  Opt.  as  ze^valtjv,  tftXctitiv^  &c.  (both  their 
signification  and  the  3.  pers.  Piur.  Ind.  zf^vaai  which  belongs  to 
this  class,  forbid  us  to  regard  them  as  Aorists  with  the  reduplica- 
tion;)— of  the  Infin.  as  rfx^vufifvac,  xid-vafitv,  xi&vavm,  tirkuvoii; 
— of  the  Participles,  as  didttog,  Stidiorfg,  fiffiaojg; — as  well  as  some 
single  persons,  such  as  Plusqpf.  inimx^fifv,  also  tdfifw^  (ikrjXovdfi(v. 
All  these  are  forms  in  which  the  terminations  merely  are  annexed 
to  the  root,  increased  by  the  reduplication.  They  cannot  be  ex- 
plained by  the  abbreviation  of  the  full  form,  e.  g.  ji&va^^t  short- 
ened from  Tt'&tfrjxf,  zf^vairiv  from  w^»/>Jxo*/4*,  at  least  not  with- 
out the  most  violent  and  unnatural  changes,  e.  g.  Sidi^ev,  by  re- 
jecting ov,  m,  «,  from  dtdoUa^fv, 

It  must  already  appear  evident  that  in  the  formation  of  the 
Perf ,  the  language  has  pursued  its  own  free  course,  without  ren- 
dering this  tense  dependent  on  the  first  Aorist.  And  why,  indeed, 
in  order  to  arrive  at  the  original  forms  Tt^va^ev,  dfldifjifv,  should 
we  invent  unheard  of  Aorists,  eitvtjacc^  fdioa  (Homer  has,  it  is  true, 
iddfiijag^  tddnai^  iddtioaxf,  iddeiaav  ;  nothing  however  from  tdtGUy 
still  less  from  i'^i^fjaa,  which  he  and  all  the  Greeks  would  have 
found  intolerable  by  the  side  of  i&uvov) — why,  I  say,  should  we 
invent  these  strange  Aorists,  and  proceed  from  these  to  unknown 
Perfects,  such  as  didnaa^  and  from  these  (e.  g.  from  deidiTiafiiv^) 
remove  the  xu  which  never  existed,  in  order  to  arrive  at  the  orig- 
inal and  independent  form  diidifiiv  ?  This  last  form,  however,  (de- 
ficient in  the  Mood-vowel,)  altogether  unconcerned  about  this  for- 
midable bulwark  of  etymology,  is  formed  independently  of  any 
other  tense,  from  the  ground-form  of  the  tense  and  the  termina- 
tion. If  this  mode  of  proceeding  is  unphilological  in  \he  case  of 
d^di^ev^  didtmg^  it  is  equally  so  in  the  case  of  Ti<>vtt(jisv,  fiffiamg, 
and  others,  for  the  formation  is  same.  Beyond  this,  the  language 
of  Homer  made  but  few  advances  in  the  further  formation  of  the 
Perfect. 

The  a  retained  from  the  old  Perf  *"«,  became  the  characteris- 
tic vowel  of  the  Perf,  {jifcO-)  mnoif^ttfiev,  nfnoi&uxf,  (ttAi;/)  ne- 
nXnya^iv,  {(pivy)  miffvyaiufv.  It  is  evident  thai  this  form  of  the 
second  Perf.,  as  it  is  called,  is  derived  from  the  Fut.  2.  no  more 
than  deidia  from   idnaa  and  diidtxa.     In  the  verba  pura  a  x    was 


introduced,  to  avoid  the  collision  of  vowels,  as  in  ovxiti^  ^rixixi. 
The  final  vowel  of  the  root  was  now  doubled  before  this  x,  accord- 
ing to  the  general  rule,  /?;/?«-«&*,  /?;/?«xa(T*,  ^ifii^xaai.  In  many 
verbs  both  forms  are  found,  side  by  side,  in  different  persons,  ri- 
^vfjxi  not  Tt&vaf,  re^vaov  not  rt^vrixaoi, ;  also  ^i^aaoh  fit^afnv, 
Pe^aojg ;  and  ^e^fjuag^  ^t^tixe ;  Plusqpf  ^elirjxfi. 

These  are  the  steps  by  which  the  epic  language  proceeded 
in  the  independent  formation  of  the  Perf.  viz.  the  invention  of  the 
reduplication,  TtVAajUi  I/;  the  introduction  of  the  Mood-vowel  «,  jrf- 
(ptvyctfifp^  and  of  the  x  in  the  verba  pura,  ri'&vaa  Ti&ptixa,  rt- 
'&vac  Ti^pfiKf,  &c.  The  remaining  peculiarities  of  this  tense 
have  been  subsequently  introduced.  One  of  these  is,  the  introduc- 
tion of  the  X  in  the  verba  liquida,  and  in  a  portion  of  the  verba  muta. 
Such  forms  as  7r*gr«yxa,  ionaQxu,  &c.  are  unknown  in  the  epic  lan- 
guage, much  more  so  the  attic  forms,  in  which  the  x  suppresses 
the  r  sound,  e.  g.  mi^cj  mnei^-xa  ntneixa.  The  dt'doixu  there- 
fore of  Homer  is  not  to  be  derived  from  dfldoi,  but  from  the  inter- 
mediate form  dfio).  As  little  claim  to  originality  has  the  other 
form  of  the  Perf  with  the  aspirated  n  and  x,  e.  g.  rtrvq^a,  mnXfxcc. 
The  aspirate  was  retained,  it  is  true,  where  it  was  found  in  the 
root,  as  in  T;wi;;foi?,  Od.  12.  423.  from  the  root  xfvx'i  so  in  rtrgrixct^ 
(root  T^tix)  rh^oifa  (root  r^jfcp.)  fii^Qvxa  (root  ^gvx-)  But  an 
aspirate  in  the  Perf.,  assumed  independently  of  the  root,  is  utter- 
ly unknown  in  Homer.  A  multitude  of  perfects  are  found  such 
as  x/x07T«,  TtTQcya,  mnlf^ya,  GfGtjiia,  Tifq^ixa,  m'q^fiyoc.  &c.  which 
afforded  an  opportunity  for  such  an  aspirate,  but  no  where  is  any 
trace  of  such  a  form  as  riVt'^a  for  jtrvna;  a  satisfactory *proof,  that 
those  aspirated  Perfects  were  first  introduced  during  the  subse- 
quent progress  of  the  language.  The  first  traces  of  them  are  met 
with  in  Herodotus.  We  have,  then,  five  steps  by  which  the  lan- 
guage has  proceeded  gradually  in  the  formation  of  this  tense.  The 
forms  deldtfifv,  nfnoi&a^ifv,  ^e^rixaiifv,  Tfrvqafxfv,  zifmixa^fv, 
may  serve  to  indicate  these  steps.  Those,  however,  who  derive 
the  3d,  4th,  and  5th  of  these  forms,  from  the  Aor.  1.,  and  the  2d 
from  the  Fut.  2.,  and,  for  the  1st,  avail  themselves  of  syncope,  will 
do  well  to  reflect,  whether  they  are  not  pursuing  a  course,  directly 
contrary  to  that  which  analogy  points  out  in  the  formation  of  lan- 
guage. 

Having  ascertained  the  formation  of  the  Perf.  to  be  independ- 

3 


14 


PREFACE  TO  THE  EDITION  OF  1  809. 


ent  of  the  other  tenses,  and  the  primary  tenses  of  the  Act.  stand- 
ing thus  on  their  own  foundation,  it  will  not  be  difficult  to  prove 
the  same  in  respect  to  the  primary  tenses  of  the  Pass.  It  has 
been  usual  to  derive  the  Perf.  Pass,  from  the  Perf  Act.,  the  Aor. 
1.  Pass,  from  the  3  pers.  Sing,  of  the  Perf.  Pass.,  and  the  Fut.  1. 
Pass,  from  the  Aor.  1. 

The  reduplication,  which  is  common  to  the  Perf.  Act.  and  Pass., 

can  furnish  no  satisfactory  evidence  that  the  one  is  derived  from 

the  other.    For  admitting  that  this  sign  was  invented  to  denote  the 

completion  of  a  portion  of  time,  we  should  naturally  expect  to  tind 

it  wherever  this  idea  prevails.    In  conformity  with  its  original  use, 

we  meet  with   it   to  denote  a  completed  future,  tvipo^iai,  ztrvipo- 

fia^.     With  regard  to   the  Perf  Act.  and  Pass.,  the  radical  vowels 

are  not  unfrequently  altogether  different ;  e.  g.  Perf  Act.  rmf^a. 

Pass.  t/ti7^<«6  ;    Perf   Act.   ttrgoqa^  Pass.   rfTfjocftfiai. ;    xixAocjra, 

vfy^tat.  Add  to  this,  that  frequently  the  Perfects  Act.,  from 
which  the  Perfects  Pass,  are  derived,  are  arbitrarily  assumed, 
e.  g.  Tiinifxa  (from  mvito))  in  order  to  form  ninv(5(jiat,;  ^'I'xcc  (from 
iixo))  to  form  fji'y^ui;  and  we  are  constrained  to  acknowledge 
that  the  Perf  Pass,  like  the  Perf  Act.,  is  not  dependent  on  any 
other  tense  for  its  formation.  This  assertion  receives  the  fullest 
contirmation  from  the  circumstance,  that  even  in  Homer  we  tind 
this  aspirated  form  in  the  Perf.  Pass.,  which,  in  the  Act.  we  meet 
with^tii-stinlferodotus;  e.  g.  imtfTgu(fajai.  from  imTgtnu),  11.  2. 
25,  M  kaoi  rinnijQOKfaTai,  xal  toaaa  fif'^ttjU ;  and  II.  11.26,  xu- 
affot  di  dguxopTfg  OQbiQi'xoiTO  ngoil  dfigt'jv.  It  is,  we  presume, 
su/ficiently  apparent,  that  such  forms  are  not  derived  from  the 
much  younger  aspirated  Perf  Act.,  but,  together  with  this,  imme- 
diately  from  the  root ;  e.g.  TQan,  {iQajiM  is  found  in  Herodotus,) 
TiTQanvtui,  TfTgdnaTai,  TfTgacfaiac, 

Who,  then,  would  not  delight  to  follow  the  course  of  the  lan- 
guage itself,  which,  from  the  root  xogvO  (comp.  xogvg  xogvi^-og) 
forms  xfxogvxJfitpog,  from  laogvx  »«  ftog^aom,  (comp.  uogvxog)  ^u- 
tiOQvxiitvog ;  from  qgad,  neffQadfiipog ;  xad,  xtxui'i^ipog  ;  ksy, 
XtXfy^iat,;  qXty,  m'tfX^y^iui,  &c.?  or,  a^  is  usual,  changes  the  r 
sound  into  (t,  as  in  idf^fp,  later  form  h^fp ;  and  thus  from  jrf*x^ 
produces  mnfca^ac ;  from  Xa&,  Wai^"^;  tti^i^  nf7ivOf,ai ;  &c.  ? 
S0me  one  may  still  prefer  to  pursue   this  X(x6gv{^f4u,  through 


PREFACE  TO  THE  EDITION  OF   1  809. 


15 


itogvaaco,  itogvao),  ixogvaa,  xfxogvxa,  xfxogvfiai ;  and  ntnvG^M 
through  mvd^M,  ufvaoi,  (nfvaa,  mnfvxtt,  nfnvxa  and  ninvpav ; 
as  the  Platonic  sophist  chases  his  optwg  op  through  tire,  air,  earth, 
and  water,  without  discovering  the  absurdity.  On  him  we  might 
justly  impose  the  task,  of  collecting  the  necessary  number  of  epic 
Perfects  Act.  with  their  Aspirates  and  Kappas,  in  order  to  derive 
from  them,  according  to  his  beloved  method,  such  perfects  as  the 
following,  and  the  forms  derived  from  them,  which  occur  in  innu- 
merable instances  in  Homer  and  Hesiod,  viz.  xtxah^fifAah  Kf;fa^<(r- 
fidt,  ktkeifufiai,  IfXfyfiai,  ^tfiiyfAai,  vipi^fAoii,  nenukay^oii,  ntnvd' 
fAOii,  mqafifiah  ntCfvyfAai,  iiKfvXayfiai,  TtTQCLpfACii,  Ttzcifioct.,  thai- 

fAttl,   TtTV(.lfiClt^  &c. 

Every  person  of  discernment  must  recognise  the  merits  of  our 
present  Grammarians,  and  pay  them  the  homage  which  is  due. 
Had  they,  however,  thought  sufficiently  for  themselves,  they  would 
not  have  regarded  that  as  sacred,  which  has  not  yet  been  banished 
from  the  more  unskilful  labours  of  their  older  brethren.  Pride  or 
weakness  alone  can  delight  in  charging  with  presumption  and  rash- 
ness, one  who  is  endeavouring  to  extirpate  some  of  the  old  thorns 
and  briars  from  a  field,  which  still  is  not  susceptible  of  cultivation 
enough,  to  produce  the  desired  fruit.  Besides,  in  all  this,  we  have 
not  considered  what  possible  sense  there  can  be  in  saying,  that  qa 
is  changed  into  jw^a^,  xa  into  fiat  and  sometimes  into  (jftat.  From  qa 
we  cannot  form  fAfAai.,  or  from  xa,  juat ;  still  less  Ofiat.  Is  nothing 
more  intended  however  than  this,  that  ftat  is  annexed  to  the  root 
in  place  of  xa,  then  why  not  represent  the  matter  as  it  really 
is,  that  we  may  understand  the  nature  of  the  formation,  viz.  that 
this  fiai,  the  termination  of  the  primary  tenses,  is  subjoined  to  the 
root,  in  the  Praes.  with  the  mood-vowel,  and  in  the  Perf  without 
a  mood-vowel  ?  q)fvy~o-fiai,  nfqfvy-iaai. 

We  proceed  now  to  the  derivation  of  the  Aor.  1.  Pass,  from 
the  3  pers.  Sing,  of  the  Perf.,  the  most  unintelligible  of  all.  Butt- 
man  has  already  abandoned  it.  Had  ibis  tense  been  derived  from 
the  3  pers.  Dual  Plusqpf  hfrvqdfjp^  it  would  have  been,  to  say 
the  least,  very  convenient ;  for,  by  dropping  fr,  we  obtain  the  de- 
sired form.  But  what  contrivances  are  necessary  to  arrive  at 
TtTQaTTtttc  from  Tgt'nM  !  And  what  form  have  we  then  obtained 
analogous  to  that  of  the  Aor.  ?  By  all  these  contrivances,  we  ob- 
tain Ti'TQa-Ti-TCctrj  which,  piece  by  piece,  must  be  moulded  into 


w  :*!:*!'?SW"^'"*^'-<*™i-«^  *  "tte-T 


16 


PREFACE  TO  THE  EDITION  OP  1809. 


I;    s 


li 


the  new  form  e-zQf-(f^T]v.  In  both  these  forms  of  the  Perf.,  viz. 
Act.  and  Pass.,  the  same  analogy  frequently  obtains,  (mgaira*, 
l(f)€tv^f}v^)  for  which  a  sufficient  reason  can  be  given.  But  this 
analogy  is  by  no  means  universal ;  e.  g.  x*x()tra*  has  iycQi^tji/  and 
also  ixQhd^rjv ;  xixXifnaty  fxki&f]if  and  i%\ivx>riv  ;  ninavjai,  inava- 
^rjv;  fAf'fivrjTahifipfjaOtjt;;  litxQTjTai,  iXQVO^nv-  Such  Aor.  forms 
as  these,  much  more  however  {vgi&rjif  usually  derived  from  fv- 
QriTtth  inrivi&t]v  from  f7jt^i>TjTai,  ^()t'&7]v  from  ilgrixai,  and  espe- 
cially, fQQi^fiv  from  {'i()t]Tat,  demonstrate  fully  the  independent 
formation  of  this  Pass,  tense  also.  Its  internal  structure  will  make 
this  still  more  obvious.     Compare 

liv(f{>fiv  Tvq^{^(it]v  Tvq^^flg 

^<^nv  '^Hfiv  '&fig     with 

tSwv  doit]v  dovs 

taxriv  GTaifjv  Gzag 

and  we  see  most  clearly,  that  the  ground-form  of  the  tense,  in 
hvq.dt}v^  as  also  in  TvqO/jnoinui^  is  not  concealed  in  ztrvmat^  the 
3  pei-s.  Sing,  of  a  different  tense,  but  that  it  is  rvqj^e ;  e.g.  nXfX' 
^rjaoinai,  ground-form  nXtx^^e ;  (fUrj^i^aofia^,  (fiXri^e, 

Admitting  that  the  future  signitication  was  already  denoted  by 
the  intervention  of  a  a,  nXtin-o-fiat,  nXtK-ao-fiai,  nlt^ofjiat,  the  in- 
termediate member  {^e  was  ihen  introduced,  between  the  a  and 
the  root,  by  one  of  those  arrangements,  so  frequent  in  the  Greek, 
which  give  birth  to  so  many  ground-forms  ;  e.g.  nXixof^ou,  ttA^x- 
aofiah  TiXm-iyi-GOfitti,  TiXfx^f'iOOfiac.  At  the  same  time,  from  the 
root  thus  lengthened  nXfx,  TjXfx&f,  nXfx^f  ;  rvn,  TvnOf,  rvq^f, 
an  Aor.  was  formed  without  the  characteristic  vowel,  (§  38,)  in- 
Xix(^f]v,  iTtcfi^riv.  The  same  may  be  said  of  tvnrioonai^  ground- 
form  Tvm,  Thus  the  steps  by  which  all  the  forms  were  gradually 
obtained  are  obvious. 

1.  Tvn.  gave  birth  to  livnov  itvnofifjv,  nrvna  hervTifiv,  (Isl- 

ter  forms   rnvifa,  txnvcfiiv,)   xi-Tun-^iai,  xixv^fiat, 
ixfxvfif.tr]v. 

2.  xvnx.    xun   strengthened   by   x,  xvttxod  (xvttxop,  xvuxofAai, 

ixvnxofitjv. 

3.    Tl'TTf.      XVTT  with  f,    ixVTlTjP,    XVTTlOt)    XOnfO^lttl. 

4.  xvip.     xvn  with  a,  xvxpto  txvxpa,  xxjxpo^iav    exvipufitiv    xt- 
6.  Tvmja,    xvne  with  a,  xvnf'iGOf^oii, 


<2 


PREFACE  TO  THE  EDITION'  OF  1809. 


17 


6.  rvq^^f.     xvne  with  <&  before  f,  exvg^d^tjv. 

7.  xvg)&f]<j.     TVTir}(5  with  ^  before  «,  tvfp^tiao^av. 

We  may  regard  it,  therefore,  as  established,  that  the  old  deduc- 
tion-theory  is  untenable  as  to  its  fundamental  principles  ;  that  the 
resemblance  between  the  forms  can  be  explained  only  by  tracing 
them  to  one  common  root ;  and,  consequently,  that  other  consider- 
tions  must  decide  concerning  the  formation  of  the  tenses. 

At  the  very  first  view,  a  diversity  of  ground-forms  present 
themselves  for  this  purpose ;  e.  g.  xvn,  xvne,  xv(f&e,  &c.  We 
need  only  subjoin  certain  terminations  to  these  ground-forms,  e.  g. 
xvno),  xvmco,  xv(pd^i(o,  &,c.  and  we  find  ourselves  unexpectedly 
ushered  into  the  fanciful  theory  of  Hemsterhuys,  Valkenaer,  and 
Lennep,  who  have,  unfortunately,  obscured  what  was  true  and  use- 
ful in  their  principles,  by  an  unskilful  and  arbitrary  application  of 
them. 

A  little  more  reflection,  however,  will  convince  us,  that  the 
forms,  collectively,  rest  upon  a  twofold  root ;  e.  g.  iqjaivofitiv, 
i(fapOfifjv;  qaip,  g:ctp  :  Xdnofiat,  (Xmofitjp ;  Xtin,  Xm:  dyyiXXta, 
^yyeXop;  ayytXX,  dyyeX:  a  long  root,  Xem,  (jpaip,  dyyeXX,  which 
is  shortened  to  form  certain  tenses,  (fav,  Xm,  dyyiX.  Thus,  we 
obtain  two  classes  of  ground-forms,  which,  in  some  cases,  undergo 
various  changes  in  their  vowels,  e.  g.  xhv,  xep,  xap,  xov ;  in  others, 
are  increased  by  additional  letters;  e.  g.  Xfin,  Xeiip,  Xu(p&e,  Xii(p^ 
'&tj(f ;  and  Xcn,  Xcne,  Xi^nrja. 

These  are  the  observations,  which  have  induced  us  to  give  a 
new  shape  to  the  whole  business  of  the  formation  of  the  tenses. 
In  unfolding  the  method  itself,  these  principles  may,  perhaps,  re- 
ceive some  modification  or  assume  a  different  form.  But  no  one 
can  be  surprised  at  this,  who  realises  the  difference  between  inves- 
tigation and  instruction ;  each  of  which  must  pursue  a  peculiar 
course,  leaving  the  synthesis,  which  the  business  of  instruction 
calls  to  its  aid,  to  harmonize,  at  the  close,  with  the  analysis  ob- 
tained by  investigation.  The  grand  aim,  however,  of  the  business 
of  instruction,  must  be,  to  establish  the  independence  of  every 
form,  and  to  communicate  the  clearest  views,  on  this  subject, 
which  can  be  obtained  by  an  accurate  discrimination  of  the  forms, 
and  a  knowledge  of  their  constituent  parts. 

To  accomplish  this,  without  perplexing  the  learner  by  a  mul- 
tiplicity of  forms,  it  was  necessary,  first,  to  deduce  from  the  root 


f 


t 


ii 


18 


PREFACE  TO  THE  EDITION  OF  1  809. 


the  first  person  only  of  every  tense  in  the  Ind.  mood.     Every  first 
person  of  the  Ind.  is  then  considered  as  composed  of  two  parts  on- 
ly, (augment  excluded,)  e.  g.  IfKjpx^i^aoficti,  of  lucp  and  x'^tjaofiuc ; 
and  it  is  reserved   for  future  instruction   to  expose  the  more  inti- 
mate organization  of  the  form.     To  facilitate,  however,  the  busi- 
ness in  this  stage,  let  the  given  classification  of  the   tenses  be  at- 
tentively considered,    and  the   terminations  of  the   Futures   and 
Aorists  be  classed   in   their  proper  order :  Act.  *ai,  ov ;  G(o,  era; 
Pass.  7]aonai,  tjp ;  ^ijaoficci,  Otiv ;  Mid.  lOfAOih  Ofitiv ;  aofiai,  trafitjv. 
In  this  manner,  every  termination  will  be  readily  annexed   to  its 
tense,  and  the  whole  doctrine  of  the  formation  of  the  tenses,  will 
be  soon  comprehended  and  easily  retained.     Previously  to   enter- 
ing on  the  Paradigm,  we  have   explained  what  we   mean  by  the 
ground-form   of  the   tense,  the   mood-vowel  and  the  termination  ; 
Timt'-o-fAai,  Irvn-o-f^riv,  Tvili-o-fiai.      After   this,    the    personal 
terminations  of  the  primary  and  secondary  tenses,  and  of  the   Im- 
perative mood,  are  particularly  enumerated.     When  the  learner 
has  a  clear  view  of  the  constituent  parts,   and   can  analyse  such  a 
formasXfKfOtjGOiG&fjp  into  k{(g:-&tiG-oc'G{^f]v,  as  well  as  put  these 
together  again,  to  reproduce  the  form,    he  may  proceed  with  the 
minutest  parts  of  the  classification  or  conjugation.     The  labour  is 
not  great.     The  whole  formation  of  the  Passive,  or  of  the  verbs 
in  fit,  can  be  explained  in  an  hour  ;    and  then,  the  different  persons 
in  each  mood,  are   easily  and  deeply  imprinted   on   the  memory. 
To  form  synthetically  single  persons,  is  especially  useful  to  acquire 
skill  in  the  management  of  the  forms.     For  example,  let  the  Aor. 
2.  Mid.  Subj.  3  pers.  Plur.  of  Kdno),  be  required.     The   learner  is 
directed  to  give  the   form  from  the  short  root  and-o^i^i,;  and, 
aware  that  for  the  moods  nothing  but  hn  remains,  he  subjoins,' 
first  the  mood-vowel  w,  and  then  the  termination  of  the  3  person 
Plur.  vtai,  and  gives  immediately  kinoovTat.    In  the  same  manner, 
he  forms  {^tMVTm,  {^Mvrai,  {^fa{^ai,  &c.  as  far  as  we  please  to  ex- 
tend the  synthesis.     In  a  similar  manner,  every  form  which  pre- 
sents itself  in  reading,   will  be  recognised  by  the  several  charac- 
teristics which  it  contains,  and  not  by  means  of  some  other  form, 
with  which   it   is  classed  in   the  Paradigm.     By  resolving  into  its 
separate   parts  the  form  /^oiffffodwi/raf,  vtai  with  w  indicates  the 
subjunctive,  a  the  Aor.,  and  the  form  can  no  longer  remain  a  mat- 
ter of  doubt.  After  separating  i/r«*,  w,  a,  the  final  w  (o  doubled  be- 


PREFACE  TO  THE  EDITION  OF  1809. 


19 


fore  the  consonant  a)  is  resolved,  and  we  obtain  the  root  XQvao. 
The  language  seems  evidently  to  demand  such  a  treatment  in  re- 
gard to  the  forms,  and  I  shall  wave  for  the  future,  any  controversy 
concerning  the  adaptation  of  the  method  to  the  business  of  instruc- 
tion, leaving  the  issue  to  decide  upon  this  point. 


i 


H 


PREFACE 


TO   THE  EDITION   OF   1813. 


While  we  have  been  engaged  in  further  developing  the  prin- 
ciples here  exhibited,  by  the  assistance  of  such  additional  light,  as 
constant  experience  in  the  business  of  instruction,  and  further  ob- 
servation have  afforded,  and  have  endeavoured  to  present  them  in 
the  elementary  books  of  our  Grammar,  a  new  edition  of  the  pres- 
ent work  has  been  demanded.    After  the  publication  of  the  Gram- 
mar, here  alluded  to,  a  new  edition  of  this  work  might  seem  alto- 
gether superfluous.     The  object  of  the  Grammar,  however,  is  not 
to  deprive  its  predecessor  of  its  long  asserted  rights  ;—we  shall  be 
contented   to  see  both   together  instrumental   in  cultivating  the 
minds  of  youth.     This  method  has  been  introduced  and  used,  even 
where  the  Greek  is  taught  from  elementary  books,  very  different 
from  our  Grammar.     Such  may  be  the  case  for  the  future  also, 
although  there  is  some  inconvenience  attending  it.     Besides  being 
retained  where  our  work  on  Grammar  is  denied  admission,  this 
method  may  afford  pleasure  to  those,  who  prefer  a  distinct  tabular 
view  of  a  subject  somewhat  confused,  to  a  treatment  of  it,  involv- 
ed in  the  midst  of  other  discussions.     Finally,  that  in  this  edition, 
much  has  been  rendered  more  consistent  with  the  views  contained 
in  the  Grammar,  and,  as  is  hoped,  considerably  improved,  needs 
of  course  no  excuse  on  our  part.     Neglect  on  this  score  would 
have  justly  exposed  us  to  censure. 


PREPARATORY  OBSERVATIONS. 


1.     OF  THE  VOWELS  AND  CONSONANTS. 


\AME. 


ALPHABET. 

FIGURE. 

PROKUNC. 

NAME. 

FIGURE. 

PRONUNC. 

yl.  a. 

a  and 

aa* 

Ny 

N.  V. 

n 

B.  ^. 

b 

Xi 

ks 

r.  y. 

g 

Oiaikron 

O.  o. 

o 

J.   a. 

d     . 

Pi 

//.    71. 

P 

E,  e. 

e 

Rho 

p.    O. 

m 

r 

^\.  $-. 

St 

Sigma 

3 

g.  s 

Z.  J. 

sd 

Tau 

T.    T. 

t 

H,ff. 

ee* 

Ypsilon 

/.  v. 

y  and  yy* 

e.  0^. 

th 

Phi 

^.  9?. 

ph 

L  c. 

i  and 

n* 

Chi 

X;^. 

ch 

K.  X. 

k 

Psi 

^.  ^. 

ps 

A,  X. 

1 

Omega 

Si.  €0, 

oo 

]\L  ft. 

m 

Alpha 

Beta 

Gamma 

Delta 

Epsilon 

Stigma 

Sdeta 

Eta 

Theta 

Iota 

Kappa 

Lambda 

My 


The  letters  are  not  arranged  in  any  natural  o^^der,  but  stand 
as  they  have  been  put  together  by  custom  and  accident.  For 
reasons  which  are  presently  stated,  we  may  class  together,  f,  ti, 
0,  (o.     a,  I,  V,     n,  /?,  (f),  xp.     x,  y,  y,  |.     t,  d,  &.     o,  g,  $.      k,  fi,  v,  q. 

•  It  raaj  be  well  to  observe,  that  the  sound  of  o,  intended  bj  the  author, 
is  that  of  our  a  in  father;  off  and  tj,  that  of  the  German  e,  or  English  a  io 
fatcj  f  and  f)  differing  onlj  in  length  ;  of  t,  that  of  the  English  e  in  see ;  of  », 
that  of  the  Gernaan  ue^  or  the  French  u,  with  sooiewhat  more  of  the  Eoghsh 
«  sound.  Hence  he  writes  My,  JV>,  (for  Mv,  Nv,)  and  gives  the  sound  of 
»,  by  the  Oeruan  y.     [Tr.] 


i 


A 


V  • 


n 


2^ 


OF  THE  VOWELS. 


!•  • 


1 1 


OF  THE  VOWELS. 

§1.  Vowels  with  one  simple  sound.  Focalis  brevis,  longa,  anceps, 
explained, 

1.  Simple  vowels  are  /,  J.  «,  ;,  v.  When  repeated,  «,  oo,  ««, 
/^,  vv,  they  are  written  only  once.  We  may  distini^uish  them, 
however,  for  the  present  by  a  stroke  above  e,  6,  a,  f,  u. 

Note  1.  Double  t  is  written  t?  ;  double  o,  m.  Thus  f  and  o 
have  their  own  appropriate  sig^ns,  and  are  always  written  tj,  oi. 
For  iu,r,  V,  however,  there  are  no  appropriate  signs. 

2.  The  simple  vowels  are  called  shorty  {breves);  when  doubled, 
long  {long(e).     Therefore 

The  short  vowels  are  *,  6,  a,  i,  v. 

The  long  vowels  are  >;,  w,  a,  T,  v. 

Thus  «,  I,  V,  serve  to  denote  both  their  long  and  short  sounds, 
and  are  called,  on  this  account,  ancipites,  i.  e.  having  a  twofold 
use,  as  denoting  both  the  long  and  the  short  sounds ;  so  that  they 
appear  in  one  word  long,  in  another  short. 

General  view,  I  6,  doubled,  give  ^,  «.  «,  :,  v,  give  J,  T,  v. 
Breves  e,  o ;  longaB  ??,  cu  ;  ancipites  a,  i,  v. 

Note  2.  a,  i,  v^  are  not  therefore  doubtful  vowels,  concerning 
which  it  may  be  doubted,  whether,  in  a  certain  word,  they  are 
long  or  short ;  or  which  might  be,  in  the  same  word,  and  at  the 
same  time,  both  long  and  short;  or  which  waver  between  long 
and  short  :  but  they  are  vowel-signs  of  a  twofold  nature  or  use, 
i.  e.  the  same  signs  serve  to  denote  the  single  and  repeated  sounds. 

Note  3.  The  long  vowels  have  no  other  on>in  than  the  dupli- 
cation of  the  short  ones.  For  xuog,  u^no,  Sulog,  oV^aoi/,  xQv- 
GOOGM,  write  Xiog,  ti^no,  dfjkog,  digaoi^,  jf^yrarJaw.  If  the  same 
sound  occurs  by  the  side  of  a  vowel  already  lonjr,  it  is  received 
into  this,  and  forms  one  sound,  e.  g.  X(^t^'o6(o  xi^vodi,  (fM^rat,  (ft- 

Note  4.  The  sounds  of  i,  v,  being  formed  by  the  palate  and 
lips,  in  the  front  part  of  the  month,  may  be  denominated  front 
vowels.  Those  of  «,  (,  o,  being  formed  by  the  organs  in  the  back 
part  of  the  mouth,  may  be  called  6ac.t-vowels. 


\4   i 


\ 


OF  THE  CONSONANTS. 


t3 


§  2.     Vowels  with  two    coalescing  sounds^  {Diphthongs)  ;    their 

origin. 

Diphthongs  are  formed  when  a  back-vowel,  {a,  f,  o,)  unites  it- 
self in  utterance,  with  a  front-vowel,  {i,  v,)  producing  one  sound. 
Thus, 

0  0$  OV  CO  fOl  (OV 

a       a&       civ  a         «^         ^v 

Note  1.  The  iola  behind  the  long  vowel  is  usually  placed  as 
a  point  underneath,   (iota  subscTiptum.)     Thus  tj,  oi,  ^ ;  not  nh 

Note  2.  ui  also  is  found  as  a  diphthong:  but  the  c  was  (in  this 
case,)  originally  pronounced  with  an  aspirate  similar  to  W,  (di- 
gamma  Aeolicum) ;  e.  g.  170^  was  pronounced  whios  ;  pfficcvla^ 
mtmawhia ;  vh  consequently,  was  not,  properly  speaking,  a  Diph- 
thong. 

Note  3.  In  pronnnciation,  w  commonly  takes  the  place  of  ao^ 
and  ri  the  place  of  fa  and  ««.  //,  consequently,  has  a  twofold 
sound  ;  that  of  long  ^,  and  of  te,  according  as  it  proceeds  from  a 
double  f,  or  from  la  and  ««.  In  gtA/iffoi,  from  qduao)^  it  has  a 
clear  sound  ;    in  qtipl  and  tjv^  from   qaupi,  and  lav^  the  sound  is 

more  obscure. 

Note  4.  ft  has  a  sound  between  f  and  *;  and  ov  has  the  sound 
of  an  obscure  0,  which  is  lost  in  the  v.  Hence  when  f  and  0  are 
protracted  in  pronouncing,  fi  and  ov  are  frequently  obtained.  We 
must  accustom  ourselves  here,  at  once,  to  distinguish  between  the 
f  and  0,  protracted  in  {i  and  ou,  and  the  duplication  of  these 
vowels,  ?;  and  w. 


! 


OF  THE  CONSONANTS. 

§  3.  Kindred  Consonants.     Relation  between  the  sounds  oj  Tl^  K^ 
71     Rules  for  their  changes. 

Among  the  Consonants  are  related,  as  to  their  sounds, 

1.  77,  B,  0.     71,  with  a  gentle  /i,  or  breathing,  becomes/?; 
and  n  and  /?  pronounced  with  the  strong  aspirate,  become  if. 

2.  K,  r,  X     X  and  y,  with  the  strong  aspirate,  become  %. 

3.  T,  A,  S.     T  and  ^,  'with  the  strong  aspirate,  become  ^. 


I 


u 

Thus, 
T. 


n. 

K. 


OF  THE  CONSONANTS. 

Of  these  consonants,  n  x  r  are  utter- 
ed without  any  perceptible  breathing, 
and  are,  therefore,  called  Tenues.   0  x 


^  are  the  most  strongly  a5=pirated,  for  which  reason  they  are  call- 
ed  .ispirat(^.  Between  th.v^e  two  classes,  as  to  the  strength  of  the 
aspirate,  are  found  fi  y  d,  and  are  denominated  Medice.  The 
Tenues,  Media',  and  Aspiratae,  have  therefore,  among  themselves, 
in  their  re.-pective  classes,  an  equal  strength  of  aspirate. 

Tenues 


1 

71 


1 
X 


2 
3 


3 

r 

•J 

X 


1 

T 

2 


3 


Media; 

Aspiratae 

All  the  nine  together  are  called  Mutes,  {Mutce,)  and  we  must 
accustom  ourselves  to  regard  them  in  a  twofold  light :  first  a^ 
related  in  sound,  J7,  K,  ^-sounds  ;  and  then  in  respect  to  the 
strength  wi!h  which  they  are  aspirated,  Tenues,  Mediae,  Aspiratae. 

Note  1.    When  one  of  the  77  or  A-class,  precedes  one  of  the 

r-class,  the  former  must  be  of  equal  strength  with  the  latter,  in 

respect   to   the  aspirate.     Thus,  not  h^fYrai,  but  huVrai ;  not 

3  1  ]  I 

T*r,o.^r«.,  but  TivQcnra,;  not  /?6/?,o*^rft.,  but  /?^/Vir«, ;  not 
Yfygacfrai,  but  y.^yQauTa,;  uoi  gundog,  hni  Qaplog ;  noi  in- 
Xex&fiv,  but  enhihiv  ;  not  fhtnlr^v,  but  dnqhr^i, ;  not  nQt^^fji^, 
but  fT^fqiTt^p,  Sic. 

WoTE  2.  Of  two  separated  aspirate?,  in  two  adjoining  syllable^* 
the  first  is  changed  into  its  Tenuis  ;  e.  g.  mg/h^xa,  not  qegcXfrxa] 
r.fX9va(oxa,  not  x^XQ^awxa ;  tqix^  not  (fQiyog. 

» 

.       §  4.   T7ic  77,  K  and   T-sounds,  before  a  and  ^.     Double  conso^ 
na7Us,     Semivou^els.     Pronunciation  of  some  vowels. 

1.  A  (I,  immediately  preceded  by  one  of  the  Ti-sounds,  gives 
birth  to  a  1^,  which  contains,  therefore,  na,  or  (3a,  or  gn.  For 
pk67tG(o,  TQi^ao},  ygaqaa,,  write  ^ke^m,  t^Iii,(o,  youxpio, 

2.  From  o,  immediately  preceded  by  a  x-sound,  proceeds  a  ^, 
Jhich  contains,  therefore,  x(t,  or  yo,  or  ya.  For  nXexo^,  Wcu. 
(fQf%<5M,  write  ttA^Ico,  A*|w,  p^n^vK 


OF  SYLLABLES. 


25 


3.  When  a  i-sound  comes  before  a  ff,  it  is  rejected.    For   j 
avvTGO),  iQfcdob),  Ttit&ooi,  wrlte  dvvaui,  iQiiao),  ndaw. 

Note  I.    For  this  reason,  \p  and  |  are  called  double-consonants. 
Further  ;  f  is  the  sign  for  ad,  and  g  for  ar,  and  may  also  be  reck-    , 
oned  among  the  double  consonants.  ^ 

Observe  also  the  gliding  pronunciation  of  X,  fA,  Vj  q,  which,  on 
this  account,  are  denominated  Liquids,  (^Liquidce,)  and  Semivowels^ 
{Semivocales  ;)  and,  in  the  paradigm,  form  a'distinct  class  of  verbs. 

4.  A  7i-sound,  before  a   ju,  is  changed  into  ju.     For  tetvnfjiai,    ' 
TiTQiP^iaiy  yeyQaqfiat,  write  TfrvfAfiai,  rtrQi^fiai,  yfy^a^fiui. 

6.  A  x-sound,  before  a  ju,  is  changed  into  y      For  ntnXfXftai^ 
fifpQfXficci,    write   mnXfyfiai,    pf^Qfyfim:    liXiy^at,,  from    Afycu." 
remains,  of  course,  unaltered. 

6.  A  T-sound,  before  a  fi,  is  changed  into  a.  For  i^wTfiat^y 
r^gfidfAut,  TifTifiitfitti,  write  r^vva^av,  rj^fcaftat,,  nineiafAai^. 

Note  2.  A  r-sound,  before  another  r-sound,  is  changed  into 
a.     For  nend&rah  ^qfid&tj^,  write  nimiarav,  iqfiadrjv. 

Note  3.  N  before  the  Ti-sounds,  also  before  yj  and  before  jm, 
is  pronounced  like  fi ;  but,  before  the  x-sounds,  and  before  J,  like 
y ;  (properly  like  ng  in  hang,)  e.  g.  top  noXf^ov  xai  Tfjt/  f^ctxriv 
qtvyfiv,  should  be  pronounced,  torn  polemong  kai  taem  machaem 
pheugein.  The  ancient  Greeks  wrote  also,  ro/w  noXffJLoy  xav  ttjfi 
fiax^iv  qfvynv.  In  the  middle  of  certain  words,  the  /u  and  y  are 
still  written  :  not  Xav-^avoi,  Xt^v-napco,  mqav-fiat,  7ifqap-xa,  rvv- 
Xapbi,  qvp-yapot) ;  but  Xafupupo),  Xt^findpo),  mqafifiui,  mqayxa, 
TvyX^iPia,  qvyydvm. 


J 


2.  OF  SYLLABLES  AND  ROOTS. 


OF  SYLLABLES. 


§  5.  Origin  and  extent  of  Syllables.  Multiplicity  of  Consonants 
avoided, 

1.  A  syllable  is  formed  when  a  vowel  is  uttered  alone,  or  to- 
gether with  a  consonant ;  e.  g  t-yo),  ao-og,  e-Xfi-m. 

Note  1.  The  vowel  may  have  a  consonant  both  before  and 
after  it  ;  and  after  it,  even  a  double  consonant ;  e.  g.  ptjv,  yovv, 
TviU-o).  xo-(>«^.     When  two  other  consonants,  i.  e.  not  forming  a 


26 


OF  SYLLABLES. 


double  consonant,  come  after  the  vowel,  a  final  vowel  has  gener- 
ally been  dropped  ;  e.  g.  mqg  is  wfjae-^wg^ae. 

Note  2.  The  vowel  of  the  syllable,  besides  a  single  consonant 
preceding  it,  may  take  also  another  consonant,  viz.  a  Mute  or  a 
Liquid  ;  e.  g.  axa^-og,  ^^^*.,  {^ga^.  Sometimes  a  a  followed  by  a 
Mute  with  a  Liquid,  commences  the  syllable  ;  e.  g.  axk^Q6g,  ankfjv, 
Gqgayig,  axQtatog,  ajQatog. 

Note  3.  Hence  we  may  determine  the  proper  mode  of  divid- 
ing the  syllables.  This  must  be  so  regulated  that  no  syllable  close 
with  two  consonants ;  e.  g.  noX-la,  r«,  dn-va,  xov-dev,  dv-&Qco- 
natv,  dn-^o-xf-Qovy  m-lu.  Consonants  which  can  commence  a 
word,  remain  together  in  the  division  of  the  syllables;  e.g.  aa- 
TQcotog,  u-axQM-Tog;  ^axX^mog,  A-tsxXn-ni-og. 

2.  TV  before  a  is  rejected.  For  umvo^,  write  aiwa* ;  for  ^a*- 
fiOvai,  daifitotjt. 

3.  2"  coming  between  two  consonants  is  dropped.  For  TrfTrAjpx- 
G&ot,,  write  TtfnXfx&oi',  and  according  to  §  3.  1.  mnkfx^ov.  For 
YfYQaqoOtti,,  write  yfygaq{^at. 

4.  When  an  v  together  with  a  r-sound,  standing  before  a,  are 
rejected,  the  remaining  short  vowel  is  lengthened,  viz.  e  into  u 
and  0  into  ov.^  The  doubtful  vowels,  however,  «,  .;  y,  are  dou' 
bled,  e.g.  «,  r,  V ;  rj  and  ai  remain  the  same.  For  aufpSoto,  xim- 
Topxai,  xfxixfavxai,  dfixpvpxm,  write  omlao),  xvnxovai,  xexvquai, 
^eixpiJGi;  xvnxmpxGi  becomes  xvtixmgi. 

5  6.  Long  and  short  syllables.  Long  syllables  changed  into  short 
ones. 

Whatever  precedes  the  vowel,  is  not  regarded,  in  the  measure 
of  a  syllable;  but  solely  the  vowel,  and  the  consonants  which  im- 
mediately follow  it.  Thus,  in  oxhi^og.  axX  are  not  attended  to  in 
measuring  the  syllable  axXri,  because  they  precede  the  vowel  ^. 

^\  \  ^^''^^'f  '*  *^*^*'^  ^^^"  *^^  vowel  is  a  simple  or  short  one, 
e»  g-  i,  0,  a,  I,  i>,  and  is  followed  by  one  single  consonant  at  the  ut- 
most ;  e.  g.  i-lt-n6p,  6-^fp,  6,  no-kv-qd-xSg. 

2.  A  syllable  is  long,  1.  by  nature,  when  its  vowel  is  a  double 
one,  viz.  a  long  vowel,  t;,  a>,  «,  f,  v,  or  a  diphthong ;  e.  g.  Tioi- 
«»',  V^  xav-xap,  xfi-pup,  (TT;i-;fc.7.  2.  By  position,  when  it  con- 
tarns  a  simple   vowel   followed  by  two  consonants  ;  e.  g.  A^xro?, 


OF  ROOTS, 


27 


3.  A  long  syllable  originally  short,  is  shortened  again  by  re- 
jecting the  last  of  its  two  vowels  or  consonants.  Thus,  xiiviiv^ 
axovitp,  xffipfiv,  Tvnxttp,  when  shortened,  become  xfvfip,  axo- 
iip,    xffieip,  xvniiv. 

Note  1.  From  f,  (i.  e.  ad,)  from  a  before  a  Mute,  and  from  iv^ 
the  first  of  the  two  letters  is  always  rejected.  qoa^My  XeinoD, 
(fevyo),  when  shortened,  give  (pgadoi),  XmoD^  qvyo).  When  the 
same  letter  is  repeated,  it  is,  of  course,  a  matter  of  indifference, 
which  one  is  rejected.  ^aXkeip,  uyyiXXfip,hecome  ^aXfJp,  ayyfX^iv. 

Note  2.  On  the  contrary,  such  syllables  as  (pid,  ni^,  xvx,  may 
easily  be  lengthened  into  qtid,  7ifi&,  ^^^X- 

Note  3.  When  Xyi&hp  becomes  Xa&np  it  is  a  sign  that  the  ri 
originated  from  a,  §  2.  Note  3.  This  is  very  common  :  e.  g.  ^dy 
fifjd^,  axT],  pri,  q)tj,  qtjp,  become,  wheo  shortened  ,dS,  fia^,  (rxa,  ^u, 
ip€ty  qc(p. 


OF  ROOTS. 

§  7.  Of  twofold  roots.  Change  of  a  long  into  a  short  root.  The 
Verbs  arranged  in  three  classes  according  to  the  termination  of  the  root. 

1.  The  root  of  a  word  consists  of  the  letters  or  syllables  on 
which  the  various  forms  of  the  word  rest :  e.  g.  XtiuM,  tXunop, 
keinrjiat,  root  Xfin  :  xaXt'o),  xuXiaag  xaXioaifii,  root  xaXf 

2.  The  root  is  long,  when  it  consists  of  a  long  syllable ;  or,  if 
it  be  more  than  one  syllable,  when  it  ends  with  a  long  syllable  : 
e.  g.  mtd^,  yfvov,  ^uXX,  igfid,  af.ui^,  dyyiXX. 

3.  The  root  is  short,  when  it  consists  of  a  short  syllable  ;  or,  if 
it  be  more  than  one  syllable,  when  it  ends  in  a  short  syllable  :  e.  g. 
Xi>n,  q>Qad,  paX,  ccxo,  dXo,  nfga. 

4.  A  long  root  is  changed  mto  a  short  one,  when  its  final  sylla- 
ble is  shortened  in  the  usual  manner  :  (§  6.  3.)  e.  g.  the  long  roots 
ayyfXX,  igtid,  dxov,  txig,  n6v{^,  q^aC,  when  shortened,  become 
dyyiX,  igid,  dxo,  dg,  7iv&,  qgud 

b.  By  subjoining  to  the  unaltered  root  an  en,  we  obtain  the  first 
Pers.  of  the  Praes. ;  e.g.  Xhti,  qdf,  dyyfXX,  give  Xfin-o),  qiXt-fo, 
myyiXX-ot). 

6.  A  regular  verb  mujst  have  a  root  which  ends  in  a  vowel,  a 
Mute  or  a  Liquid:  e.g.  qiXt-&),  Xi'y-o),  ^uXXm.  If  thi^  be  not  the 
case,  the  original  root  has  been  altered   by  the  addition  of  some 


il 


/ 


OF  ROOTS. 


ON  THE  ACTIVE  VOICE. 


29 


letters.  It  must,  therefore,  except  in  the  Prses.  and  Imperf.,  be 
liberated  from  those  letters,  and  in  this  manner  be  reduced  to  one 
of  the  above  mentioned  cases. 

Note.  The  roots  which  end  in  oa,  and  in  f,  are  very  common. 
Of  these  terminations  the  former  is  almost  always,  the  latter  very 
frequently,  reducible  to  a  x  sound.  Thus,  qQifst,,  ngatftf,  tuQaac, 
<FT*j/af,  naiS,  except  in  the  Pr»s.  and  Imperf.,  become  qgix^n^ay, 
ra^aX'  <^«»'«;f,  naiy.    (Comp.  §  8.  2.) 

7.  Hence  we  obtain  three  classes  of  verbs:  1.  Verba  pura, 
whose  root  ends  in  a  vowel.  2.  Verba  muta,  whose  root  ends  in  a 
Mute.     3.  Verba  liquida,  whose  root  ends  in  a  Liquid. 

^  8.  Changes  of  the  root.  Increase  of  the  same.  Augment.  Ad- 
dition of  various  Consonants  to  the  root. 

1.  A  root  is  increased   before,   (receives  an  Augment,)  1.  by 
prefixing  an  ;,  if  it  commence  with  a  consonant;  e.g.Tvnr,  himi ; 
^fy>  ^^fy;  9  is  generally  doubled,  Qtnt,  t^jginr ;  2.  if  it  commence 
with  a  vowel,  by  doubling  the  same.     Thus  from 
ig,  op,  iJK,  (d^f,  avdav,  ix,  v^Qi^,  ft,  (vx>  ^/xf,  atg,  «i*/  we  obtaio 

3.  A  root  is  increased  behind,  (receives  a  suffix,)  by  the  addi- 
tion of  various  lettei-s,  without  any  general  rule  :  e.  g.  SK,  ytjoaax; 
(in  all  the  following  examples  the  final  consonant  of  the  root  must 
be  rejected)  dt(fccx,  didaxax,  didaox  :  2:X,  na^,  nccax ;  aid,  atdax, 
uiaX'  -S'2;  e.  g.  ngay,  ngay-aa,  nguaa ;  qgix,  qgiaa ;  Z,  e.  g, 
GTivux,  OTffaxi,  GTifai;  naiy,  7r«*f. 

Note  1.  When  the  root  is  increased  by  the  addition  off,  the 
f  of  the  root  becomes  0  :  e.  g.  key,  Xoyf ;  ifig,  <fOQf.  When  i  is 
the  last  vowel  of  the  root,  it  is  generally  changed  into  t:  e.  g. 
upi^f  with  f,  ai^ihi.  cfi'^/f.  This  takes  place  also  when  certain 
consonants  are  added  ;  e.  g.  yfp,  y^yy^  ytyv ;   „x,  tixt. 

Note  2.  The  tinal  vowel  of  the  root  is  frequently  doubled,  on 
the  addition  of  a  consonant;  e.g.  {ticc  with  crx,  becomes  ^vr^ax  $ 
Po,  pMGx.  Sometimes  the  first  consonant  of  the  root  is  repeated, 
accompanied  by  *  ;  e.  g.  yt,o,  yv(M(jx,—  yiyioioxi—  ^QO,  t^wox,— 
tiTQumx^ — 

5.  A  very  common  method  of  increasing  short  roots  behind,  is,  - 
to  introduce  v  before  its  final  consonant,  and  uv  after  it. 


Orig.  long  roots.         Short  roots.      Lengthened  roots. 


flt}^, 

jua^, 

fiav&av, 

^d, 

ad, 

dvdav. 

mvd; 

nv^, 

nw&av, 

(ffvy, 

<pvy, 

qivyyav,* 

TiVX, 

^n> 

xvyxo-v^ 

letn, 

"km. 

Xi>iAnav,* 

XnP, 

Aaft 

Xafipav.* 

Note  3.  From  these  lengthened  roots,  we  can  easily  obtain  the 
short  ones  on  which  they  rest :  and  from  these  short  roots,  obtain 
the  original  long  ones  :  e.g.  Ufinuv-Xin-Xitn, 

4.  Every  suffix  of  this  sort  is  retained  only  in  the  Praes.  and 
Imperf.  It  vanishes,  therefore,  with  the  changes  it  has  occasion- 
ed, as  soon  as  another  tense  is  formed. 


ON  THE  ACTIVE  VOICE. 


FORMATION    OF   THE    TENSES. 

§  9.  Introduction, 

\.  In  the  Greek,  as  in  other  languages,  three  Primary  Tenses 
are  to  be  distinguished,  viz,  Praes.  Fut.  and  Perf. ;  each  of  which, 
in  respect  to  the  form,  has  connected  with  it,  a  Secondary  Tense^ 
viz,  Imperf.  Aor.  and  Plusqpf  The  Fut.,  together  with  its  secon- 
dary tense,  has  frequently  two  forms ;  one  of  which  is  derived 
from  the  long,  and  the  other  from  the  short  root:  viz,  Fut.  1,  or 
the  long  Fut. ;  Aor.  1,  or  the  long  Aor. ;  Fut.  2,  or  the  short  Fut.; 
Aor.  2,  or  the  short  Aor.  Hence  we  obtain  eight  tense-forms,  in 
pairs,  of  which  each  pair  is  formed  in  a  similar  manner,  and,  con- 
sequently, may  be  similarly  derived  from  the  root.  Their  natural 
order  is  the  following  : 

Praes.         Fut.  2,  or  short  Fut.       Fut.  1,  or  long  Fut.       Perf. 
Imperf.      Aor.  2,  or  short  Aor.       Aor.  1,  or  long  Aor.       Plusqpf. 

•  N  before  y  and  /,  is  changed  into  y  ;  before  rr  and  ^3,  into  f*  :  accord- 
ing to  »  4.  Note  3.  (Tr.) 


30 


FORMATION  OF  THE  TENSES. 


FORMATION  OF  THE  TENSES. 


31 


^ 


i 


Note.  All  these  forms  are  in  use  in  but  few  verbs  ;    in  many 
a  few  only  are  found. 

.  2.  The  secondRry  tenses  receive  the  Augment,  but  only  in  the 

Indicative.     The  Perf.  also  receives  the  Augment,  and  retains  it 
an  all  the  moods.     If  the  Perf  commences  with  a  consonant,  this 
consonant  is  repeated   before   the    Augment,    (Reduplicatio,)    to 
,    which  the  Plusqpf.  prefixes  an  additional  e:    e.g.  ri^^rr,  iVi^^r,  «- 
Tvnr,  hmm;  (fiXf,   i^d,,  (iffqdf)  mqtXf  §  3.  Note  2,  infifiXf; 
XQvao,  ix(iV(Jo,  ^fXQ^ao,  iaexQvao ;  ^e.i&f^ijf&e  ^  0£x*,  secondary 
;  tenses  and  Perf  o/xf ;  also  ikmS,  nXm^.     if  the  word  begins  with 
a  vowel,  tollowed  by  one  consonant,  the  whole  of  the  first  sylla- 
ble is  repeated  before  the  Augment,  to  form  the  Perf.  (Reduplica- 
tio  Attica);  e.g.  ifjud,  tQ^i^fid ;  dxo,  axi^xo. 
\         Note  1.  When  the  root  begins  with  two  consonants,  without  a 
Licjuid,  VIZ.  with  ^,,  ,^?.g,  ^^,  or  with  y,,  the  Perf.  and  Plusqpf. 
receive  merely  an  ,  for  the  Augment :    e.  g.  xpn>d  and  ?,;«  give 
1  only  iiiifvd  and  4\w,  in  every  augmented  tense  whatever. 

Note  2.    We  suppose  the   learner,  therefore,  to   know  from 
which  root  each  tense  is  derived,  and  what  changes  it  undergoes 
Should  an  Aor.  2,  for  example,  of  A.iW,  be   required,   the   root 
must  tirst  be  shortened  and  supplied  with  the  Augment,  e.  g,  ilm. 
In  the  same  manner,  (faiy  tquv.     We  suppose  him  also,  to  be  pre- 
viously acquainted  with   the   reason,  why  «/^  makes  .;> ;  ngaaa, 
iHQiKy;  (f^aC,  m  the  Plusqpf,  infifgad;  t?*^i;ax,  in  the  Perf,  r*^- 
va;  (f^iv,  in  the  Plusqpf.,  only  /(j^^'>,„.     Nothmg  then  remains  but 
to  subjoin  the  terminations.     If  he  knows  that  the  Perfect  ends  in 
^iui,  and  the  Aor.  1.  in  t97^i.,  he   finds  no   difficulty,  with  a  knowl- 
edge of  the  preceding  eight  Sections,  in  forming  from  kehco, 
{kfXfm-^a,)  UkH^ifAav,  {tXun-Ofjv)  tXdq&f^p;  from  oUim,  t^ixrjfia, 
and  wxiix^fip;  and  from  rngajaxo),  nrgtoficci,  hgrnittiv ;  &c. 

3.  In  order  to  render  himself  familiar  with  the  terminations  of 
the  Active,  let  him  observe  them  in  their  proper  order. 
Praes.  Imperf      Fut.  2.  Aor.  2.      Fut.l.  Aor.  1.      Perf  Plusqpf. 
-w        -ov  -f(o         ^ov  -ffoi       -aa  -«       -uv 

Note.  Properly  speaking,  we  have  here  done  with  the  for- 
mation  of  the  tenses.  But  the  three  classes  of  verbs  must  be 
separately  considered,  the  foregoing  explanations  applied,  and  the 
deviations  or  exceptions  noticed. 


§  10.     Verba  Pura, 

In  this  class  of  verbs,  the  roots  are  not  generally  shortened. 
Hence  the  Fut.  2.  and  Aor.  2.  are  not  common.  Observe  also,  that 
when  a  consonant  is  added  to  the  root,  the  final  vowel  of  the  same 
is  very  frequently  doubled,  (§  8.  2.  note  2  );  e.  g.  /()t'(ro,  /piaojcjw. 
Observe  also,  that  the  Perf  and  Plusqpf  take  a  x  between  the 
root  and  the  termination,  in  order  to  strengthen  the  form  ;  e.  g. 
Tid-vfjua,  {ifxf^poixa,)  not  ztd^pa-a.  In  the  same  manner,  7ifg:lXfixa, 
int(ftXf]X{Lv,  &LC. 

XQVGO 
XQVGO'bi 

i-Xgvao-op 
Xgvooj-aot) 
i-XQVOM-aa 
mf-xgvGou-H-a 
Plusqpf.  MXf'j-ic-iiv  i-xf-xgvO(6-x-fiv  l-Te-ttfAfi-x-dv   i-re-ri-x-fcv 

Note.  Only  when  the  root  can  be  shortened,  as  in  dxovo), 
6tti-oi,  some  short  tenses  are  found  in  use. 

§11.      Verba  Muta. 

1.  When  a  a  is  added  to  the  Mute  which  terminates  the  root 
in  this  class,  the  changes  mentioned  in  §  4.  1,2,  3,  take  place. 
In  tvnjM,  which  is  used  for  the  Paradigm,  the  root  is  tutt,  and  t 
is  added   to   strengthen    it.      Hence,    rvnacj  zvipo),  Xfyaoa  Ai|ai, 

Jtfl&GM    71(10(0. 

2.  The  Perfect  changes  often  i  into  o  ;  e.  g.  jifix^io,  ntnoi&u ; 
aspirates  frequently  the  n  and  x  sounds  ;  e.  g.  Tf'rvqa,  ntnXfxc^i  and 
takes  sometimes  the  x  sound  in  place  of  a  r  :  e.g.ntTifi^-u  mniixa. 


Roots  otxe 

PraBS.  oixt-(a 

Imperf.  MXf-ov 

Fut.    1.  OtX7]-G(t} 

Aor.  1.  MX})-Ga 

Perf  cjix?;-x-« 


TCfia 

t& 

Tifia-Oi 

Tl-ft) 

i-Tifia-ov 

i-Tl-OV 

Tl/LitJ-GOi 

ri-Ob) 

*-r/|Ui;-(ja 

t-TL-Ga 

if-Tifji7j-X'-a 

zt'Ti-x-a 

Roots 

tun 

<f(vy-(fvy 

mi^-nid' 

Praes. 

TVn-TU} 

<ftvy-(a 

nfid-'M 

Imperf 

l-TVTX-T-OV 

i-qtvy-ov 

t-nei^-ov 

Fut.  2. 

Tvn~t(a 

qvy-ioi 

TlV^-tOi 

Aor.  2. 

t-Tvn-ov 

i-qiy-ov 

t-ncd^-ov 

Fut.  1. 

TVl^l-M 

qfv^-(o 

Ttil-GOi 

Aor.  1. 

i-TVip-a 

i-qfv^-a 

l-nfi-oa 

Perf  2. 

xi-Tvn-a 

ni-qivy-a 

nf-Ttoi^-a 

Plusqpf  2. 

l-Ti-TVTl-iLV 

t-ni-qivynv 

l-nt-noi&-iiv 

Perf.  1. 

ii-Tvq-a 

nf-qfvx-cc 

nf'-ijfi-x-a 

Plusqpf.  2. 

i-Ti-zvg:-{cp  • 

b-ni-qiVX-ff'V 

t-m-mi-x-iiv 

9f 


FORMATION  OF  THE  TENSES. 


OF  THE  ACTIVE. 


33 


^QtXOi 

ktinta 

i§Q(XOV 

iqvyyavov 

tq^jadov 

tTiQayov 

^Cidi 

Tiva^io 

XtXoiTltt 

fjXntau 

iOlKtt 

iXfkohfip 

infqgixfiv 

^ttKQvqa 

tJXa 

—               1 

ixfxgvqfiv 

tnfnofAqfcv 

Mixed  Forms  for  exercise  in  finding  the  root. 

Praes. 

Imperf. 
Fut.  2. 
Aor.  2. 
Fut.  1. 
Aor.  1. 
Perf.  2. 
Plusqpf.  2. 
Perf.  1. 
Plusqpf.  1. 

§  12.  Verba  Liqttida. 
The  Tenses  in  use  except  the  Praes.  and  Imperf.,  are  formed 
from  the  short  root.  Together  with  the  forms  which  have  *  in 
the  root,  there  were  others  also  in  use  with  a,  even  in  the  Praes.; 
e.g.  TOLfAvoi  and  rt^ipw.  Others  with  a  alone;  e.g.  nafipco.  Hence 
two  forms  of  the  Fut.  2.  are  met  with  ;  zefiio}  and  tufiiio,  while 
in  the  Aor.  2.  and  in  the  other  tenses,  cc  remains.  The  long  Fut. 
is  usually  wanting,  and  the  long  Aor.  ends  in  a,  doubling,  however, 
the  short  vowel  of  the  short  root,  and  lengthening  *  into  (t;  e.  g. 
TtXX,  i'riXa ;  zeXX,  ttuXoi. 

t-omiQ-ov 


Roots 
PraBs. 
Imperf. 
Fut.  2. 
Aor.  2. 
Fut.  1. 
Aor.  1. 
Perf. 
Plusqpf 


quLv 
qah-M 

t-quiv-ov 
qav-fo) 

i-qav'ov 


t-qtiv-a 
m-qfjp^a 
i-nt-qi^v-fiv 


ona^-toj 
i-anag-ov 


t-GTtflQ-U 

t-ojioQ-a    also     t-cfnotQ-Ha 
i-anoQ-etv   —      i-andQ-x-etv 


Mixed  Forms  for  exercise. 

Praea.      evq^alvio      xgivoi  Fut.  1. 

Imperf.   evqgaipop     tiftpov  Aor.  1.     fXTfiva        ia^inciva 

Fut.  2.     KQipioi  negi'oD  Perf.        ^li^iopa         I'qOoQa 

Aor.  2.    txQi,pov         ijfjivpov  Plusqpf.  ffnifiopeip     infnXvxfiv 

Nqte  1.  Id  roots  ending  in  g  and  X,  we  find  sometimes  the  Fut. 


J.  and  Aor.  1.  constructed  in  the  usual  manner;  e.g.  ogta,  wgaa; 
xeXXo),  xiXoo). 

Note  2.  N,  when  it  is  the  final  consonant  of  the  root  is  omitted 
after  {t,  i,  and  v,  in  some  tenses;  e  g.  xr«y,  (from  vnnv^)  Perf. 
txraxtt ;  xgip,  xfxgixa ;  nXvp,  mnXvxa ;  because  this  v  was  not 
originally  in  the  root.  Thus  nipo),  Aor.  2.  imov ;  the  root,  there- 
fore, is  not  niv,  but  ni. 


PARADIGM. 

§  13.     Of  the  Active. 


Indicat.     Primar.  tens. 
Praes.    tvtit  \  -oi        tig    a,       S. 
Fut.  2.  Tvni\  'Ofiep  exov  itov  D.    Aor.  2.    trvn 
Fut.  1.  Tvxp  7  'OfASv   ite     uai    P. 


Indicat.     Secondar.  tens. 
Imperf.  txvm  (-op      fg      ( 


Deviations, 
-a        ag     f 


^-OP 

<  -Ofiev 
Deviations. 


S. 


Perf.  tnvn  ^  -af4(p  arov  aiopB,    Aor.  1.     itvxf)  (  -a^^i/  arov  arrjv 
afiipccre    uat>    P.  (-ccfifp  ate    av 


itov  tt^v 
ere     ow 


as 


'tiv       ng      n 
Plusqpf.  hnvn  I  -UfAtv  htov  (iitjv 

'fififp  ene     naav 


SabjuQCt.  {terminations  as  in 
the  Primar,  tens.) 

Praes.  ti^tttT 

Aor.  2.  Tvn  '        •'       ^ 

.        ,       ,     >  '0)uiP  rjTov  tiTOp  D. 
Aor.  1.  Tvip  ^ 

/      -cu/uf  1/  tiK    (oai    P. 
rerf.  rnvn 


Optat.  {terminations  as  in  the 
Secondar.  tens. 

Praes.  runt^ 
Fut. 2.  Tvni 
Aor.  2.  Tvn 

Fut.  1.  TVljJ 

Perf.  ifTvTi^ 


•oifit    oig      ot 

^  -OifltV    OITOP  OITTJV 

'Otfjiev  one    okv 


Deviation. 
•acfii,      aig 


av 


Aor.  1.  xi\^  I-ai^fp    arop  alr^jp 
•Kifiip  ane    auv 


94 


OF  THE  PASSIVE. 


OF  THE  PASSIVE. 


3& 


Imperative. 


Infinitive. 


Praes. 
Aor.  2. 
Pcrf.  2. 
Perf.  1. 


tVJlT 

tvn 
xfTVn 


'ttOV 
-fT€ 


JfTV(f  }  'OV 

Deviation. 


iTMV 
iTCDaOCV 
OVJMV 


Pr«9. 
Fut.  2. 
Aor.  2. 
Fut.  1. 


Tvnt 
Tvn 


'flV 
'I  IV 

'flv 


Tvn  j  -€iv 

TVlp  J  -tlV 


Aor.  1. 


vvxp 


Prass. 
Fut.  2. 


Tvnt  '(OV 
Tvni  'ODv 


-OV  «T0> 

"ttTOV     UTMV 

-an      aiMaav 
or   avTbiv 

Participles. 
Baa     OV  Aor.  2. 

aau     OV  Fut.  1. 

Deviations. 

Tui/;      -oig        aaa 


Deviation. 
Aor.  1.        TVlp  -at 
Perf.  2.  TfTvn  )  ^  r 
Perf.  1 .  i:(TV(f  J 


tvai 


Aor.  I. 

Perf.  2.       TtTvn  > 

Perf.  1 .      TiTvap  > 


•(ag 


via 


Tvn  -o)v 

TVlp    -(OV 

av 

09 


uaa 
ooa 


OV 
OV 


Prjes. 
Fut.  2. 
Fut.  1. 
Fut.  2.  M. 
Fut.  1.  M. 
Fut.  3. 


OfiiaL 

•Oflid^OV 

Ofiid^a 


V 
fa&ov 


nai 

eodov 

ovxac 


§  14.     Of  the  Passive. 

Indicat.     Primar.  tenses. 

Tvnf 
tvnf]G 

Tvnf 

TVlp 
TfTVlp. 

Forms  of  the  Perfect  without  the  characteristic  vowel. 
-fi-fiai^  -ipai^  n-Tai> 

-fi-fif&ov         if-d^ov  qj-{tov 

•fi-fAfd^a  q.-^{ 

Secondar.  tenses. 
-OfitJV  ov 

-OfAi&OV      iO{^0V 

'OfAf&a       ioitt 

Aor.  1 .  M.    iTvxp-     afitjv  w  azo  afAidov  aa&ov  aa^tiv,  &c. 

Plusqpf. 
-fi-ftrjv  ipo  n-TO 

hixv  { -fi-fAfd^ov         qj-dov  q^-^t]v 

-fA-f*(^a  (f!-^e 


TtTV 


\ 


Imperf. 
Aor.  2.  M. 


Indicat. 

Itvtit 
hvn 


fto 
to{^fjv 

OVTO 


Subjunct.     (termination  of  prim,  tense.) 

Praes.  tvttt^  -M^iav  rj  rjrat^ 

Aor.  2.  M.      Tvn  >  -w^t^ov     tio^ov    tja^ov 
Aor.  1 .  M.     TVlp  J  -cDfif&a       tjad^e       tavTai^ 

Optat.     {termination  of  secondar.  tense.) 

Praes.  tvtit^ 

Fut.  2.         TvntjG 

•oifitjv 
}■  -olfie^ov 
-oif^f'O^a 


010  OlOTO 

OIG&OV    oio'&tiv 
oio^e      otvTO 


Fut.  1.  TV(f{^tia 
Fut.  2.  M.  Tvnf 
Aor.  2.  M.  Tvn 
Fut.  1.  M.      Tvxp 

Fut.  3.  TtTVXp 

Aor.  1.  M.      TVlp.     -alfitiv       aio         ano     etc. 
Note.  Forms  without  the  characteristic  vowel  cannot  be  con- 
structed  in  the  Subjunct.  and  Optat. 


Imperative. 


-OV 
'{G'&OV 

-eGd^e 
Aor.  1.  M.    Tv\p   -at 


Praes.         tvtit 
Aor.  2.  M,  TVTi 


Perf. 


TiTV 


lad^o) 
tod^oiv 
iodo}Gav 
aG&(0  &ic, 

q^o> 

(f){f^O}V 

(f&oiGav 


Infinitive. 

Praes,  tvut"^ 

Fut.  2.        TvnriG 

Fut.   1.       TVqj'&TjG 

Fut.  2  M.     Tvnd  }►  -fO^M 
Aor.  2.  M.     TVTi 
Fut.  1.  M.     TVlp 

Fut.  3.  TfTVlp 

Aor.  1.  M.      TVlp       -aod^at 
Perf.  TfTV      -(fr&at 


Praes.         tvtit 
Fut.  2.      TvntiG 

Fut.    1.    TV(f&riG 

Fut.  2.  M.  Tvni 


'Ofifvog  t)  ov 


Participles. 

Aor.  2.  M.    Tvn 
Fut.  1.  M.    TVlp 

Fut.  2.  TfTVlp 

Aor.  2.  M.  TVlp 


•ofAfvog    t)   OV 
'ifAfvog  n   o*' 


Perf. 


xiiv    fn-fiivog     ri     OV 


i^iillMllinilllKllHi 


30 


CONJUGATION  OF  THE  ACTIVE. 


§  15.  General  observations.  The  three  parts  in  every  person 
distinguished. 

When  a  tense  is  fully  formed,  we  regard  as  its  Ground-form^ 
what  piecedei  the  final  vowel.  Of  the  Fut.  1.  rvxp-cj^  the  Ground- 
form  is  Tvxf)^  which  remains,  throughout  this  tense,  unaltered.  Of 
the  Aor.  2.,  however,  the  Ground-form  is  rvn ;  in  the  Ind.  hvUf 
with  the  Augment. 

To  this  root  is  annexed,  in  every  Mood  and  Person,  a  vowel, 
which  we  call  the  Mood-vowel^  or  characteristic  vowel  of  the 
Mood,  because  it  serves  principally,  to  determine  the  Mood. 

Finally,  the  Terminations  are  subjoined  to  the  Mood-vowel. 

In  every  form,  therefore,  these  three  parts  must  be  accurately 
distinguished,  viz.  Ground-form.,  Mood-vowel,  and  Termination,  The 
first  determines  the  tense  ;  the  second,  the  mood ;  and  the  third, 
the  person. 

The  Mood-vowel  of  the  Ind.,  Act.,  and  Pass.,  throughout  the 
whole  conjugation,  some  tenses  excepted,  is,  in  the  three  first  per- 
sons of  each  number  and  in  the  3  Plur.,  an  o  ;  in  all  the  rest  an  i ; 
e.g.  Sing.  1.  tvnx-o  2.  tuttt-^  3.  rvju-e.  Dual  1.  Tvm-o  2. 
TvnT-€  3.  Tvnx-t  Plur.  1.  rvnx-o  2.  rvm-e  3.  rvnt-o. 

§  16.  Conjugation  of  the  Primary  tenses' in  the  Indicative. 

The  Terminations  of  the  Primary  tenses  in  the  Ind.  are  as  fol- 
lows : 

With  the  Mood-vowel.      M.vow.  &  term,  united. 


Terminations  alone. 
S.  -0       -ig       ^t 

D.  -fiiv    -tov     -TOV 
P.  -fiiv  -ze      -viat 


-fti       -eig    -n 

-OfAfV    -{TOV  -(TOP 


0-0      f-ig      (-1 

0-fA(V    i-TOV      6-TOV 
0-fAtV    f-Tf         O-VTOC 

Conjugation. 
Praes.    tvtit^  -w         {ig     a, 
Fut.  2.  Tvni  >  -ofjiiv    itov  txov       Perf.  thvn 
Fut.  1.  Tvxp]  -ofjifp  fTf    ovat 

Note  1.  In  the  3  pers.  Plur.,  vt  before  a  are  rejected,  and  o 
becomes  a,  §  5.  4.  The  «  in  the  Perf.  is  lengthened,  rervnuai, 
because  vt  is  dropped. 


tic        ctg      f 

'afUfV    OLTOV     UTOV 

-Ufiifv    ttTf     aat 


CONJUGATION  OF  THE  SUBJUNCTIVE. 


37 


Note  2.  The  Perf.  takes  for  the  Mood-vowel,  an  «,  but  is  ir- 
regular in  the  Sing. 

The  grand  and  never  failing  distinction  between  the  primary 
and  secondary  tenses  is  this ;  that  the  primary  tenses  have  the  3. 
pers.  Dual  uniformly  short  {-tov)  ;  the  secondary  tenses,  on  the 
contrary,  long  {-Ttjv)  ;  and,  that  the  3.  pers.  Plur.,  in  the  former, 
ends  in  vtoi  ;  in  the  latter,  in  v. 

§  17.  Conjugation  of  the  Secondary  tenses  in  the  Indicative. 
The  Terminations,  which  are  subjoined  to  the  Mood-vowel,  in 
the  Secondary  tenses  of  the  Indicative,  are 
Terminat.  alone.        Term,  and  M.  vow.  CoDJugatioD. 

S.  -V     -g     -         -ov     -eg     -e  „  r-ov      eg      e 

Dlmperf.  ezvirt  I  f 

.  -fxev  -TOV  -Ttjv  -Ofiev  -eTOv  -eTt]v  a        q       "        i  -Of^ev  eTOv  tr?;, 

F.-fi€v-Te   -V      -Ofiiv-(T€    -OV  ^'Ofiev  exe    ov 

Note  1.  The  Aor.  1.  takes,  for  the  Mood-vowel,  an  «,  and 
proceeds  in  the  Sing,  like  the  Perf. 

Note  2.  The  Plusqpf.  takes  for  the  Mood-vowel,  ei,  and  ter- 
minates the  3  pers.  Plur.  in  eiaav  and  eouv. 


-a         ag       e 
Aor.  1.  iTVxfj  ^-afiev  aTOv  aTt}P 

-afjiev  «T6     av 


Plusqpf.  ixexvn  { -i 


-eiv    eig    ev 
eif^ev  eixov  eixr^v 
etfiev  ei>Te  eiouv 
or  efsav 


§  18.  Conjugation  of  the  Subjunctive. 

In  the  Subjunctive,  the  long  vowels  w  7],  in  place  of  the  short 
ones  0  e,  are  annexed  to  the  root,  for  Mood-vowels,  and  to  these 
fhe  Terminations  of  the  Primary  tenses  are  subjoined. 

Mood.  V.  and  Term.  Mood.  v.  and  Term,  united. 


s. 

(0-0 

r]-ig 

ti-i 

-ft) 

-tjg 

-v 

D. 

(o-fAev 

tJ-TOV 

tj-TOV 

-Mfiev 

-rixov 

-TjXOV 

P. 

tD-fnev 

tj-Te 
Praes. 

(ti-VTOt^ 

Conjugation 

TVTIT   " 

-(tifiev 

• 

-^xe 

-WQt 

Aor.  2. 

xvit      -w 

V^ 

3 

Aor.  1. 

xvip 

>  -Mfjiev 

tjxov 

tjxov 

Perf.  2. 

xexvn 

-COfifP 

fixe 

(uai 

Perf  1. 

xexvcfi  ^ 
6 

. 

« 

.--"^ 


38 


INFINITIVE  AND  PARTICIPLE. 


Note.  The  Secondary  tenses  of  the  Prjes.  and  Perf.  (Impcrf. 
and  Plusqpf.)  have  no  appropriate  forms,  except  in  the  Indicative. 
The  Futures  also,  have  no  Subjunctive  or  Imperative. 

§  1 9.     Conjugation  of  the  Optative, 

The  Optative  takes,  for  its  Mood-vowel,  o^,  and  in  the  Aor.  1 . 
««.  The  terminations  are,  in  the  1  pers.  Sing,  fit.,  in  the  3  Plur. 
sp ;  the  other4)ersons  follow  the  analogy  of  the  Secondary  tenses. 


S.  -oi^it      -otg  "■  -oi 

D.  -otfifp     -oiTOv  -onrjp 

P.    -Ol(.l€P       -OtTf  -OlfP 

I' 

Aor.  1.  -tttfAi^  -aig  -qlv  &c. 


Praes.  xvnx  ") 
Fut.  2.  Tvni 
Aor.  2.  Tvn 
Fut.  1.  TVXp 
Perf.  2.  TixvTt 
Perf.  1.  Titvq)  , 


-oi^i    ocg       01^ 

>  -01  fit  P    on  OP    OlTtlP 

-otfitp  ont     oup 


§  20.     Conjugation  of  the  Imperative. 

The  Imperative,  which  in  every  Number  has  only  the  2d  and 
3d  pers.,  takes^  for  its  Mood-vowel,  uniformly  an  *,  and  subjoins 
to  this,  in  the  Sing.  2.  -^t,  3.  rw;  Dual  2.  -toi/,  3.  -rmp  Plur.  2. 
-T«,  3.  Twaav,  (irregularly  optojp  without  the  Mood-vowel.)  -&h 
however,  is  usually  dropped  ;  e.  g.  Tunre  for  rvnTt^i. 

Conjugation. 


-f-TOP 

-f-te 


l-T(X)P 
-OPXOiP 


PraBS.  Tvm 

Aor.  2.  xvTi 

Perf.  2.  xtxxm 

Perf.  1.  xixv<p  J               or 

Notf.  The  Aor.  1.  retains  here,  as  in  all  the  Moods,  the  Sub- 
junctive excepted,  its  Mood-vowel  a,  but  terminates  the  2  pers. 
Sing,  in  op  ;  e.  g. 

xv^f  -ov  xvip  -axop  Tvip  -axi 


-«Tftl 


-a.xo)p 


-uTwaap    -arrcDV 


§  21.     Of  the  Infinitive  and  Participle. 

1.  The  Infinitives  terminate,  the  Mood-vowel  included,  in  fip. 
The  Aor.  I.,  however,  ends  in  at,  e.g.  xvip-ai;  and  the  Perf.  in 
ivcit,  e.  g.  xfxvn-ipcct^. 

2.  The  Participles  end,  the  characteristic  vowel  included,  in 
wp  for  the  Masc,  ouaa  for  the  Fem.,  and  op  for  the  Neuter ;  ex- 


ON  THE  PASSIVE  VOICE. 


3* 


cept  the  Aor.  I.,  which  ends  in  ag,  aaa,  av ;  and  the  Perf.  which 
ends  in  oJff,  v7a,  6g.     Thus 

Praes.   xvttt  ^  Aor.  1.     xvxp    -ag  aaoi     olp 

Fut.  2.  xvni  Perf.     xixvn    -tag  via     6g 

>  —ttiv   niiftr/    n4i 

Aor.  2.  run 
Fut.  1.  xvtp 

Note.     The  Aor.  2.  has  the  accent,  both  in  the  InGnitive  and 
Participle  on  the  last  syllable  j  e.  g.  xvndp  ovua  df,  Inf.  xvnflv. 


ON  THE  PASSIVE  VOICE.  ' 

1.  Derivation  of  the  Tenses, 

« 

If  the  Paragraphs  on  the  letters  and  syllables,  are  fresh  in  the 
memory,  the  learner  will  find  no  difficulty  in  comprehending,  in 
its  whole  extent,  the  Greek  Passive  ;  which,  indeed,  must  not  be 
regarded  as  a  confused  and  arbitrary  mass  of  inflexions,  but  as  a 
noble  and  inimitable  master-piece,  and  worthy,  on  account  of  the 
euphony  and  perfection  of  its  forms,  of  the  highest  degree  of  at- 
tention and  admiration. 

The  Praes.  Perf.  and  Plusqpf.  have  each  one  tense-form,  the 
Futt.  and  Aorr.  have  each  two,  making  in  all  twelve  tense-forms. 
The  Futt.  and  Aorr.  require  a  separate  consideration.  We  com- 
mence with  the  four  first-mentioned  tenses, 

§  22.     Formation  of  the  Pr(Bs.  Imperf  Perf  and  Plusqpf 

The  Primary  tenses  of  the  Pass,  end  in  -jU«t,  and  the  Seconda- 
ry tenses,  in  -inrjp  ;  which  terminations  are  preceded  by  the  Mood- 
vowel  o;  in  the  Perf.  and  Plusqpf.,  however,  they  are  subjoined 
immediately  to  the  root. 


Verba  Pura. 
Root         o/xe 
Praes.        oUi-o-^tat 
Imperf     Mxf-o-fntjp 
Perf.         (^Hfj-f4ttt  ^8,  I. 
Plusqpf.    (ax^-jufjp 


Verba  Muta. 

Xi'y-o-fiai 
lXfy-6-fitiP 
Xtify-fittf, 
iUXiy-fir]p 


Verba  Liqnida. 
gfkl-gaX 
giXX-o-ficit 

iqM'O'fiTjp 

*saA-/uat  §  12. 

igaX-fitjp 


40 


ON  THE  PASSIVE  VOICE. 


^  Note  1,    For  the  chang^es  which  the  Mutes  or  71  x  r-sounds 
undergo,  see  §  4,  and  the  several  examples  there  given ;  e.  g. 

Praes.                      Perf.  Praes.                             Perf. 

Tvnto)  (ruTi)  TiivfifAac  CTiva^M  {oTfvax)  ioxivay^iai, 

tVKOfiav  r^vyinui  g:(i«f£o  (qijad)  TitifQaa/Aui 

<f>ftdcj  TtiifeiGfjiai,  ra(j(xGO0j  {tuquj[)  Tfta^ayftuc 

Note  2.  When  the  root  has  an  f,  it  assumes  Irequently,  in  place 
of  this  «^  an  a  ;  e.  g.  oj^tcfw,  iar^ufn^ai. 

Note  3.  'I'he  (T,  before  the  termination  -jMa«,  is  found  also  in 
many  of  the  Ferba  Pura^  for  the  purpose  of  strengthening  the 
form:  e.g.  ctxovoj,  ^jaovaiaai, ;  X9^^  xf^^iofiuc ;  TeXtM  TfiiXfOfAui. 

Note  4.  i\^,  when  it  is  the  final  corisonant  of  the  root,  alter  ft 
I  V,  is  rejected  in  the  long  tense-forms  of  the  Pass. :  e.  g.  xqUm, 
HfXQtfiai,  §  12.  Note  2. 

Note  5.  Ih)  in  the  root  is  generally  shortened  :  e.  g.  zf  i;;fai, 
imy^iav ;  gjfvya),  ntquy^tai. 

§  23.     Formation  of  the  Futures  and  Aorists, 

In  the  second  Futures  and  Aorists,  and  in  the  Verba  Liquida  in 
all  the  forms,  the  root  must  be  shortened.    The  Terminations  are 

Verba  Pura. 


Fut.  2. 
Aor.  2. 
Fut.  1. 
Aor.  I. 


(with  the  short  root) 
Fut.  2.  M.    -fOfAut 
Aor.  2.  M.  -0fAt]v 

(with  the  long  root) 
Fut.  I.  M.    -GO fiat 
koT,  1.  M.    -accfirjv 
Verba  Muta. 
Short  roots     run 
Fut.  2.     tvmi-aofiui 
Aor.  2.     iTun-fjif 

Long  roots     run 


OtXTJ 

wanting 

wanting 
oixr]-Ot](JOfiat 
olxt]-dfjv 


XQvao 
wanting 
wanting 

XQVGM-'&fJGOfJlOtt 
iXQVOM-{^TJV 


qiXf 
qiXi^-aoftat' 
iqtXrj-occjutjv 


qid 
qidt]~GOfi^t 
tqld-rtM 


qfid 

Fut.  1.     Tvq-^tiGOfiat  qfiG-{^ti<TO(.(Cct> 
Aor.  1,     iTvq)"&fjv         lqtiG"^v 


TlfiOC 
TlfiTf-GOjUat 

tTifitj-aafitjv 
Verba  Liquida, 
qccv  XQiv 

qav-fjGOfAai     x^iv-rjOOfnat 
iquv-fiv  tXQiv-riv 

qav-'&r,GOfiai  XQi-^tiGOfiat 
iq  «  V-  &rjv         IxQi-ifrtV 


ON  THE  PASSIVE  VOICE, 


41 


Verba  Muta. 
Short  roots     tvn 
Fut.  2.  M.  Tvn-iOfioit 
Aor.2.  M.  irvn-Ofitjv 

Long  roots      rvn 

Fut.  1.  M.     TVXpOfAttV 

Aor.  1 .  M.  txvxpOLfiriv    kevlafiriv 


TVX 

Tvx-iofiat 
irvx-Ofifiv 

TfVX 


Verba  Liquida. 
xiv  fr.  THvoi     gaX  fr.  ?; AAoi 
rev-tofiai  ^aX-iofiat 

iTev-OfiTjv         ii;ak-6fi7jv 


TfV^OfiOtt 


wanting,  as  in  the  Act.,  and  the 
Aor.  follows  the  analogy  of 
the  Act.  igtda   igeddfitiv. 
Note  1.    The  four  last  tenses  of  each  class  are  marked  with 
M,  {tempera  Medii),  on  account  of  the  Middle  signification  of  their 

Aorists. 

Note  2.  The  completed  Future,  Futurum  exactum  vel  perfectum^ 
receives  the  Augment  as  in  the  Perf.  and  the  Terminations  as  in 
Fut.  1.;  e.g.  kfcn,  keXfixpOfiUh  relictus  ero;    rvm,  TtrvxpOfACct ; 

ttuttxa,  T^narrjGOfiM. 

Note  3.  It  is  obvious,  that  the  given  Terminations,  both  the 
Aorists  Pass,  excepted,  contain  the  Terminations  properly  so  call- 
ed -ju«*  -firiv,  the  Mood-vowel  0,  and  also  the  intermediate  mem- 
ber, which  comes  between  the  Mood-vowel  and  the  root:  e.g. 
Tvq{^rj(^Ofiat  contains  Tvn-{^{-G-o-fiuh  and  consequently,  the  mem- 
ber or  syllable  {^f  more  than  rvn-G-o-fiai ;  rvn-e-Ofiut  with  a  a 
gives  TV7i(-a-0(Jictt  rvntjaofiut. 

2.  Conjugation. 

§  24.    Conjugation  of  the  Indicative. 

The  Aor.  2.  in  -f]v,  and  the  Aor.  1.  in  --&tiv,  must  be  separated 
from  the  other  forms,  as  they  belong  to  another  Conjugation,  viz. 
of  the  verbs  in  -jut,  to  which  they  form  the  transition.  The  Mood- 
vowel  is,  throughout,  the  same  as  in  the  Act.  In  the  Perf.,  how- 
ever, it  is  wanting  in  all  the  Moods,  and  the  Terminations  are 
subjoined  immediately  to  the  root.  The  terminations  are,  in  the 
Primary  tenses 


TerminatioDS  alone. 
S.   "fiat         -Gat 
D.  -fifS^ov    -ad^op 
P.   'fif^tt      -O'&e 


-zai 

-G&OV 
-VTUt 


With  the  Mood-vowel. 
-Ofiat        'iGat        -etat 

-Oflf&OV     -fGd^OV        -fG&OV 
-OfAlitu       -iG-&£         -ovrat 


Note.     From  the  2  pers.  Sing.  -iGat,  when  it  has  the  Mood- 


42 


ON  THE  PAtaiVK  VOICE. 


►    -OfAut     fj     {rat  ETC. 


vowel  (therefore  not  in  the  Perf.  and  Plusqpf.)  the  a  is  rejected, 
in  every  Tense  and  Mood,  and  the  remaining  vowels  contracted  j 
e.  g.  -eaai  -ecu,  -tji  -ly. 

In  this  manner  may  he  conjugated 

FraBs.  Tvnt  "* 

Fut.  2.  TVTtrjo 

Fut.  1.        Tvq.{^ria 

Fut.  2.  M.        Tvni 

Fut.l.M.         Tvxp 

Fut.  3.  Tfivxp 

There  remains  yet  the  Conjugation  of  the  Perfect. 

1.  In  (he  Verba  Pura. 
In  this  class  of  verbs,  the  Terminations  follow  upon  the  final 
vowel  of  the  root,  and  occasion  no  multiplication  of  Consonants. 
Hence  the  Conjugation  proceeds  without  interruption,  e.  g.  from 
qxXt'cj  we  obtain  in  the  Perf.  Pass. 


C  -f4at  Gat. 


rat 
vrat 


Verhc  Mtita. 
In  this  class,  the  Terminations  being  subjoined  immediately  to 
the  root,  whose   final  letter  is  a  Mute,  a  multiplication  of  Conso- 
nants  is  occasioned,  which  must  be  obviated  in  the  manner  above 
described.     Vid.  6  3.  4  and  5.  ;  e.  o-. 


TfTvn-itat 
fi-fAat 
ifxvn-fAix^ov 

TiTVn-f4f{^a 


TfTvn-aat 

ip-at 
Titvn-o^ov 

T{TV7l-G^e 


rtrvn-rai 
n-rav 

TfTVTl-Ox^OV 

{ttTvn-vTai) 


Note.  The  persons  of  the  Perf.  and  Plusqpf.,  which  cannot 
be  formed  regularly,  are  formed,  as  in  Latin,  by  means  of  the 
Participle  and  the  Auxiliary  that;  e.g.  3  pers.  Plur.  Perf  rnvfi- 
/MfVo*  fiW,  verberali  sunt;  3  pers.  Plur.  Plusqpf  TfTVf,f4,'poi  r)aav  ; 
Subjunct.  T^Tv^i^upog  (J  ,)?  §;  Opt  in v fifif  pog  firjv  utjg  ^J^,  &c. 


A 


XtXfy-fitxi 
UXfy-fie'&ov 


ON  THE  PASUVE  VOICE. 

XfXfy-aat 
^-at 


43 


XiXfy-Tttt 
it-rat 


XfXfy-fii^cc 


X(Xfy-o-&ov 
y-'&ov 

XiXfy-vrat 


XiXfy-G^ov 
y-'&ov 

XfXey-G'&e 
y-^i 

In  the  same  manner,  {nenetd^-fiat)  mnfiG-fiat,  {ninft^-aat) 
ninet^Gcit,  {ntnit^-Tat)  -nimtG-Tat.  From  tp^aCo)  (root  q^ad) 
we  obtain  (nfqQaSfiat)  7if(pQaGf4at,{m(f^adGat)  niqgaGaty{ni(f gad- 
tat)  niqgaGTat.  If  we  endeavour  to  avoid  the  multiplication  of 
consonants  in  the  3  Plur.,  by  rejecting  v,  we  obtain  the  3  pers. 
Sing,  again.     This  Pers.,  therefore,  cannot  be  regularly  formed. 

The  Verba  Liquida  occasion  no  difficulty  ;  e.  g.  giXXcD,  iqaXfiat, 
tqaXGat,  iqaXxat,  i^aXfiif^ov,  {{^uXg^op)  tqaX^ov,  &c.  In  this 
class  alone,  v  in  the  2  Sing,  before  a,  remains  ;  e.  g.  qatv,  qav, 
ji(-qav-fAat,  neqafi^at,  ntqap-aat,  &c. 

The  terminations  of  the  Secondary  Tenses  in  the  Indie,  are, 

Terminat.  aloDe.  With  the  Mood-vowel. 

-fifJV  'GO  -TO  -O^rjV  -iGO  -ITO 

'fif'&OV      -g{^OV      -G^tlV  -Ofie&OP    -iG&OV     -iGd^1]» 

"^i^a.      -G&f       -vto  -OfAid^a     -i(5&e      -ovto 

Note  1.  The  Aor.  1.  M.  takes,  for  its  mood-vowel,  an  «;  e.g. 

"afitiv     -aGO     -UTO,  &c. 

Note  2.    By  dropping  the  cr,  in  the  2  pers.  Sing.,  eoo  becomes 

(0  -ov ;  and  aGO,  ao  -w. 

Imperf.     Itvttt  }     f  o        k  ^     t    -•      ,    '  «    ir/, 

Aor.  2.  M.  iTi;7TS  ~^^^^  "  f ro,  &c.  Aor.  I.  nvxp-aunv  w  «ro,  &c. 

The  Plusqpf.  suffers  the  same  changes  as  the  Perf.,  and  for  the 
same  reasons  ;  e.  g.  infqtXi^^tjp,  infqiXriGO,  intqiXriro^  &c.  with- 
out any  difficulty  on  the  score  of  the  consonants.  But  htTvn-fArjv 
gives  tTfTVfA-fjiTiP ;  hirvn-Go,  mVui/'o,  &c. 

Note  3.  In  the  Pass,  also,  the  Primary  tenses  are  distinguished 
from  the  Secondary,  by  the  3  Pers.  Dual  and  Plur. ;  e.g.  Primary 
tenses  -gx^op^  Secondary  tenses  -o&tjp.  Primar.  tenses  -ira*,  Se- 
condary tenses  -?'to.  This  distinction  should  be  particularly  at- 
tended to. 


44 


ON  THE  aaSSIVE  TOICE. 


ON  THE  PASSIVE  VOICE. 


46 


§  25.     Conjugation  of  the  Subjunctive, 

The  Mood-yowels  are,  as  in  the  Act.,  co  and  ^,  and  the  termi- 
nations are  those  of  tbe  Primary  tenses. 

Mood-v.  and  Terminat. 
-a)/M«*       -tjoai       -tjrat  Praes.         Ti;7rr\ 

-wfAfd'ov  -fjad^ov — tjad^ov         Aor.  2.  M.  zvn  \  -(Ofiat,  tj  titai  &c. 

-w/df&a     -tiG&e       -(tivrat,  Aor.  1.  M.  xi}\\)J 

Note  1.  By  rejecting  n,  in  the  2  pers.  Sing,  we  have  riat,  y^i,  t}. 

Note  2.  The  other  Aorists  in  -r^v  and  -^tjv^  as  has  been  ob- 
served above,  do  not  belong  to  the  Conjugation  ;  and  of  course,  do 
not  come  at  present  under  consideration.  The  Imperf.  and 
Plusqpf.  have  no  other  Mood  but  the  lodicat.  The  Futt.  Subj. 
are  wanting,  as  in  the  Act.  The  Perf  cannot  form  a  Subjunctive, 
because  the  difference  between  this  Mood  and  the  Indicative,  con- 
sists in  the  lengthening  of  the  characteristic  vowel,  which  fails  in 
the  Perfect.  When  such  forms  of  the  verba  pura  as  (oxtja^ov, 
n(q:iX(avTai,  occur,  they  have  the  characteristic  vowel  and  suffer 
a  contraction. 

§  26.     Conjugation  of  the  Optative, 

The  Optative  takes  here  also  its  Mood-vowel  of,  and  the  ter- 
minations of  the  secondary  tenses. 

Mood-v.  and  Terminat. 
-ocfitjv       'OiGo       "OiTO         Praes.  rvitr 

-oififd^op  -oiad^op  -oiG&riv    Fut.  2.      rvntia 

-oi^uOcc     -ocx^e      -oivTO       Fut.  1.    rvq^'&rja 

Fut.  2.  M.    TVTif 

Aor.  2.  M.  TUTi: 
Aor.I.M.  Ti;i/;-a/^t;i/«to  a^TO  Fut.  l.M.    tvxp 

&C.  Fut.  3.         TfTVXlf 

Note  1 .  The  Aor.  1 .  M.  takes  here  also  its  ai. 

Note  2.  In  the  2  pers.  Sing.,  the  o  is  dropped,  and  no  farther 
change  takes  place. 

Note  3.  In  this  Mood  also,  the  Perf.  cannot  be  formed,  because 
the  Mood-vowel  fails.  In  the  Attic  dialect,  however,  some  of  the 
verba  pura^  to  form  the  Optat.,  receive  an  t,  between  the  root  and 
the  Termination ;  e.  g.  {nfipiXrj-i-fitjv)  nf<f>dtffitjp,  {niffiXri-t-Go 
TifqiXriGo)  n6(fiX7iO,  &c.  and  this  i  disappears  entirely  when  it  can- 
not be  subscribed  ;  e.  g.  {Xekvmfjp)  XfXvpf]i> ;  which,  however, 
properly  speaking,  should  be  written  XtXvifAtiP,  XtXvJo,  &c. 


'  -oififJV    010    OITO  &.C. 


§  27.     Imperative, 

The  Mood-vowel  is  here  also  an  i.     The  Terminations  are 

Alone.  With  the  M. -vowel. 

-GO  -G^Oi  -fGO  -eG{t(a 

-G{^0V         -G&COP  -fG^OV  -tG^MV 

-G^6  -G&MGap  -{G{^£  -{G'&COGaV 

Note.  After  rejecting  <j,  in  the  2  pers.  Sing.,  eo  becomes  ov. 
Praes.  {rvm-fGo)  rvntov,  zvnT-iG&o),  &c.  The  Aor.  2.  M.  in  the 
2  Sing,  has  the  accent  on  the  last  syllable  tvnov.  The  Aor.  1 . 
M.  ends  in  at  in  the  2  Sing.,  and  is  regular  in  the  remaining  per- 
sons ;  retaining,  however,  its  a  ;  e.  g.  tvip-at,  rvxp-aG^o),  &c.  In 
the  Perf,  on  account  of  the  Mood-vowel  which  fails,  the  conso- 
nants are  multiplied  in  the  verba  muta  {xfrvn-Go)  rirvxpo,  (rfrujr- 
G&o)  TiTvn^oi)  TtTvcfdoD,  &c.,  which  changes  are  managed  as  in 
the  Indicative. 

§  28.     Infinitive, 

The  Infinitive  ends  in  -Gi^ac,  which,  with  the  Mood-vowel  e, 
gives  (Gdai.  The  Participles  end  in  -^(pog,  which,  with  the 
characteristic  vowel  o,  gives  -ojnepog.  The  Aor.  1.  M.,  however, 
retains  its  a  ;  e.g.  -uG^ut  -afxipog.  The  Mood-vowel  fails  in  the 
Perfect. 


Praes.         tvtit  ^ 
Fut.  2.     Tvn^G 

Fut.  1.  TVCp^tiG 

Fut.  2.  M.  Tvni 
Aor.  2.  M.  Tvn 
Fut.  l.M.  Tv\\} 

Fut.  3.       TiTVXp    > 

Aor.  1.  M.  Tvx^) 


>  -(G&at 


TV71T   '\ 
TV7ir]G 

tvg){f^f]G 

Tvne    ^  -Ofifvog 
Tvn 


TVlp 
TiXVXp 

-ciGd^av       -ufAtPog 

Perf.  {rnvn-Gd^ai)  reTvqj&at,  (jfrvn-fifpog)  tfTvpfiivog.  In 
the  same  manner,  Xfyoj  {XfXey-G^ai)  XeXf'x^ai^  XiXtyfiiPog ;  nii&o), 
{nemv^-G^av)  mnfi-G^au  {nenH^-fufpog)  nfneiGptPog ;  (fQaCo), 
{nin^ttd-G{^at,)  nfqgaGd^ac  {7if(fQocdfi{pog)  ne(jpgaGfjitvos :  Xvo) 
makes  XiXvo^ui^  XiXvfiipog. 


^ .  -  afc^^tjtf"  '.ij)i^^"' '  in'w^*^'-" 


'■■^^^^ft?"^'^- 


COMPARATIVE  VIEW 


OF 


THE  COMMON  AND   HOMERIC  PARADIGM. 

§  29.     Active. 
Indicative. 


Common. 


PraBS.  TVTIT 


UTIT  (  -OfifV 


fig      f* 

(TOV      ITOV 
et€        QVQV 


Tvm 


Homeric. 
etg 


-w 


{£,  &c. 


II 


-ov        tg        f 
Imperf.  izv-nr  ^  -o^ev     trov     ittiv 


JTTT  y 


rvTiT 

I'XVTIT 


tg      I,  &c. 


TUTTTf  (TX  f  -OV  fg  f 

izunTfOK  \    and  3  Piur.    -ov 

rvmaan }  -ov         fg         f 
hvuTuaa  S   and  3  Plur.  -ov 


Note.  These  forms  of  the  Imperf.,  Aor.  1.  and  2.,  Act.  and 
Pass.,  in  <tx,  are  found  only  in  the  persons  of  the  Sing.,  and  in  the 
3  pers.  Plur.     Vid.  Gram.  §  210,     [Tr.] 


Common. 


ff 


/  -oi      iig 

Fut.  2.  Tvn  I  -u^f4f  fiTOv  fhov 
i-i 


-bfl(V    flT6       HOI 


rvn  < 


-ov         fg        f 
Aor.  2.  i'tvn  {  -Ofifv    ftov     nriv 
-ofifv    fTf       ov 


Homeric. 

1  ,-io}        2.  i'fig  3.  if  I 
fig  fi 

\,-tOf.uv    2.  ifTOv  3.  ifxov 

fVfifV  flTOV  flTOV 

X.'to^ev   2.  ifTf  3.  iboi^ 

fVfAfV  eiTf 

i'lvn  ^  -ov  ig  f^  &c. 
Tttvn 


{rvTifaK  i  -ov  tg  f 
hvnfon  \  3.  Plur.  ovY 


>-0 

^  3.  Plur.  0-"^* 
Fut.  Ti5ip  -0)  (ig  ft,  &c.  tv\\)    -o)    fig    fi,  &c. 

•  Added  from  the  Gram.  «  210.  c.     [Tr.] 


i«    j 


COMMON  AND  HOMERIC  PARADlGlf. 


Common. 

-a  ag  f 

AoT.  \.  ftvxp  (-oifAfv  arov  aTtjv 

-ufifv  ar«  uv 


Homeric. 

Tvxjjaan    -ov 


a? 


47 


e^  &c. 


Perf.  TfTvn 


-a         ag        f 
-ttfifv  atov     arov 

-fiv       fig  ft 

Plusqpf.  hftvn  {  -fififv  titov  fhrjv 

-f^fjifv  fiTf  fioav 
or  foav 


TtTVTt 


-a 


fg        f 
3.  Plur.  'Qp 

ag      f  &LC* 


TfTVn 

hftvn 


-fa      fag      ff  ffv 

-fififv  fiTOv   firrjv 
-fifjifv  fiTf     fiaav 
(1.  fidfa  2.{rifidfag)  3.  f^dff  -v 
fiftdTjg  tjdri 

7}drjad^a  ff^*^)* 
Note.  Anomalies,  occasioned  by  the  failure  of  the  characteris- 
tic vowel,  cannot  conveniently  be  enumerated  in  the  Paradigm. 
Of  this  sort  are,  fi'xTOv^  Od.  4.  27,  for  fintrov  Praes. ;  li^rr^v^  11.  1. 
104,  for  fiKfrriv  Imperf  ;  fiXt]Xov{^fjifv^  U.  9.  49,  for  fiXrjkov^a- 
fAfv  Perf. ;  Wfifv^  (later  form  lOfifv)  for  tdafifv^  full  form  otdafAfv ; 
intTiid^fifv^  II.  2.  341,  for  infnl^fiiifv,  commonly  infnoid^fifAfv^ 
Plusqpf.;  &c. 


Subjunctive, 
Common. 

-w         rjg       fi 

PraBS,  Tvm  \  -cofifp  7]top  rjtov 

-fofufv   rjTOp  (oai 


tvm  < 


Aor.  2.  Tvn 


-0)        tig      ri 

-(OfifV    t]T0V    f]TOV 
-MfifV    tJTf       0)01 


Aor.  1.  tvxp  -(o  i^g  &c.  as  Aor.  2. 
Perf  T«Ti;:i:  -01  rjg  &c.  as  Aor.  2. 


Homeric, 
l.-o)  2,  7;^       3.  rj 

(ofii  rigd^a       riGt> 

l.-b)fifv  2.  tjTOv  3.  ?;rov 

OfifV  fTOV         fiov 

1,  WjMfv  2. 7y«     3.  cod* 

Ofli*!'  fTf 

fl.-oi        2.^5        3.^ 
»•  « 

1  .  -(OfifV  2.  7JT0V    3.  7]T0V 

Tftvn         -OfifV       fTOV       frov 
1.  -(OfifV  2.  tjTf     3.  (oGi 

-OflfV         fTf 

tvxp  -(o  (Ofii  v\LC.  as  Aor.  2. 
tfTvn  -oj  w/4*  is:c.  as  Aor.  2, 


Tl»7I 


Added  from  th«.Gram.,  «  211.     [Tr.1 


ill' 


Mtj  "rjyi»!iiy'<"—»i'ii'      n'W^t-Wl'inniKI  llillIU 


mimn^^m-iig^*m<m0  <immn»0-''*'^mi0*mim'^i 


48 


COMMON  AND  HOMERIC   PARADIGM. 


Optative. 
Common. 

/  -oifxt  ocg         ot 

Praes.  rvm  I  -oi(.tiv  oiiov     ohtiv 

\  -oififp  one       oiiv 

c  -oJfti  o7g      0? 

Fut.  2.  tvTi  l-o7^{v  oltov   oiTt]v       Tvn 

\-o7^itf  o7t£     o7(v                \-ioifi 

Aor.  2.  Tim-y^  tutt  and  zervn 

Fut.  1.   Tvip  \ -oific  oig  01^  Lc.     xvxp 

Perf.    titvn  J  TfruTi 

C  -atfii  aig       av 

Aor.  1.  Ti;t//  l-ui(.t{v  aiTOv    ccirrjv 


Homeric. 
Tvnz      -OLfn>        oig,  &c. 


\-tomtv 


\- 


toig      tot 
ioiTOv  foirrjv 

lOlTf       fOlfV 

oifAt    oig,  kc. 


rvip   -ai^t     uig^  &c. 
Tviif   -Hu       fcug     fee 
and  the  3d  Plur.  icav 


Imperative  and  Infnitive. 


Praes.  tvtit  ^  -fiov  hmv      tvtit-{iv  timt-e  frw,  &c.  tvtit  \  -t^iv 

or  -ovtuiv 


Aor.  2.  TVTI  -f    fVw,  &,C.    Il/TT  -f?!/       Tl5jT 


Titvn  )  TirfTr  ^ 

^  -01/         «rw 
Aor.  1.  Ti;i// < -arov     utmv         Tvift-cct       Tvip-ov  atta,  kc.  rvip-at 
\  -ate       urM(5av 
or  afrojp 
Fat.2.  Inf.  TfTT-f?!/  FuiA.rvip-fiv  rvn-uiv  i7v     rvip-ffaiac  tf^ifp  fiv 

Perf.  TitV7t-{  iTw.kc.  TiTvn-ivat      TirvTi-f  tio),  kc.  zftvn  \T^^"*' 


Prtes.  Tvnx  > 

Fut.  I.  14^1^  ^  " 


Participles. 


(ov    ovaa     ov 

Fut.  2.      Tvn     ~Mv     ovacc     ovv 
Aor.  2.     TfTi     -Mv     ovact     6v 


tvnz  )  _ 

zvip  ^ 


oiv     ovaa     op 


rvn     -fcop     tovoa  tov 


Aor.  1.     zvip    -ag    aaa 
Perf.      zizvn    -(xtg    v7a 


av 
og 


T  "^ 

'71  }         t 


zvn 
Zizvn 

zvxp    -ag 

zv 
zizvn 


ovaa  ov 
aaa  ap 
v7a       6g 


COMMON  AND  HOMERIC  PARADIGM. 


49 


§  30.     Passive. 


CommoD. 


Indicative 

Homeric. 
-OfAat       tj  izat  t  1.  -Ofiat     2.  iat       f] 

Praes.  zvnz  ^  -Ofxi&ov  ta^ov  iod^ov      zvitz  I  1.  -ofAi&op  -OfUG&ov 
-OfAi'&a    iGxte     opzau  \  1.  -ofii^a    -OfUG'&a 

In  the  remaining  persons  like  com. 
1.  -6(ii]v      2.  io  3.  izo 


£  -Ofirjv      ov        izo 
Imperf.  izvnz  I  -o^id^op  tad^op  iG&riv    , 

\  -Ofiid^a    iG'&i     OPZO 


zvnz 


tvnz 


1.  -6(ilii)^0P      -O^iGd'OV 

1.  -ouixta      -ofAtad^a 
Id  the  other  per-^ons  no  deviation. 
zvnziGn  1  -Ofifjp       iO       izo 


izvnziGH 


I 


3d  Piur.    OPZO 


Perf.   lizv 


-fAfAav       ipat     nzat 

-fAfAi&ov  (f.^op  (fid^ov    zizv^fiat    -xpai,   kc. 


3d  Piur.  zizvifazai^ 


Plusqpf./r^rj; 


zizv  ^  -fAfiTjv     \po     kc. 


iZiZV 


-fifAii^^a    g^&i 

{ziZVf.lfilPOt>    ilGl) 

-fifAfjv      ipo     nzo 
-(Afii{^ov  (f&op  (f^rip 
-fAfAi^a    q^i 
{ziZVfAfAiPOL  ^jGav) 
-Ofiat      t]  izat 

-OfAi&OP  iOd^OP  iG&OP     j'^A^ff  V  l-6fAid0P  -OfHiGd 

-Ofii&a  iGd^i    opzai  \  \.-6m&a   -ouiGd 

('tlp      t]g      n 
Aor.  2,  Izvn  I  -tj^np  t^zop  i^t7jp       ttvn 

\~t]fjiip  r^zi     t]Gap         (^qapiGmi  OA.  W.b^l.ioT tqapfi. 

vid.  Gram.  §  210.  c.)     [Tf..] 

Aor.  1.  lzva>&  -tip  fig,  kc.  like  Aor.  2.   »^*i^o.  J  ^^'oi 

^        '      *  '  izvqv^  ^  3d  rlur.  -tjaav  or  iv 


Fut.  2.    zvntjG 
Fut.  1.  zvq^'&fiG 


,    (1.-0 
'    <  l.-o 


3d  PJur.  -qazo 


l.-o^at      2.  sat    tj 

^ov 
)fii&a   -OfiiG&a 


zvn  > 

>    '     >  -ripkc.^dir\KiT.-r,Gap  ov  iv 
^tvn  ^     *  ' 


Fut.  2.  c  -t;i"«^    V        ''^«* 

M.  zvn  \  -b^idop  i7G6op  i7a6op 

-tifitOa  i2G$i    ^pzat     zvn  * 


Aor 
M 


3r.  2.    C  -o^r]v      ov       €zo 
.izvn  ^-OfiiOop  (gOop  iGdt] 
\-6fii6a    iadi     oyzo 


'  1  -tv^at       2.  irj  3.  i7zai, 

l.-tVfii^OP   2.iiG&0P   3.i{Gd^0V 

e7G6op       e7Gdov 
\.-iV(iidu     2.iiGdi      3.  i0pza& 
{7G6e         ivpzav 
zvn  (  1.  -Ofirjv         2.  to 
¥  izvnlX.-OfAiSop        -OfniGdov 

oyzo         Zizvn  '  l,-6f4eda         -ofAioSa 


60 


COMMON  AND  HOMERID  PARADIGM, 


COMMON  AND  HOMERIC  PARADIGM. 


61 


1/ 


ft 


Fut.  1.  M.  Tvxp-ofAai,,  &c.  like  the  Praes. 


TVXp  <    1 .  -6^ 


Common.  Homeric. 

1.  -Ofiav      2.  (Ui'fi 
-OfitSov  -OfieoSov 

{xnvxp         'Ofioci,   &c.    with 
reduplicat.  vid.  Gram.  §  !jJ08.  10.  [Tr.] 

Aor.  1.  M.  C'Ctfiriv      w  aro  ^^^  r  1.  -a/i^i/  2.  «o  -w 

«Ti;t//'j  -«^*doi/  wadov  a<T^»?v     hvih]  ^   "«/"'^o»^  -ocftfodov 

L-ufiiOa    aaSe     avto  Ll.-ufifda  -ufifoda 


Subjunctive. 


Praes.  ivm  <  -wfnOov  rjodov  t^Gdov 


V 


Aor.  2.  rvn   ('^        ^       . 

L-w^fj/  fite     mat      TV(f$ 


Aor 
Aor 


.  2.  M.  Tujr  (  "T"*       ^  '^'^"' 


fJTClC 

V 
MVZaL 


I  1 .  'M/iiai'    2 

\  1.  -bjfifOa   ■ 
f  1 .  -w         2.  ^5 

1.  -(t)fJlfV    2.  ^TOi/ 

-fiofiiv     fUzov 

-fiofAfP        lifVS 

TiTVn  <  l,-(ofif6op 


■MfAiddOV 

-(uf.iia6a 

3.  jJtov 
(Uiov 
3.  cudfr 

2.  rott-n 
-ojinfodov 


Optative. 


Praes.  tiittt 


-OtflfJV        010  OITO 

-ol^eSov  oiadov  olaStjp 
-oifisda    oiade     oivto 


tvm 


\  1.-011 


Fut.   2,   XVHtiG 
Fut.  l.Ti;^6?^ff 


-oifiijv      010        ono 
-oi(4{dop  oiaSop  oiadrjp 
-•oi/.iida    otoOi     oipxo 


Aor.  2.  Tvn 
Aor.l.  zyqpd 


^/i; 


-tif]p      iifjg 

-flflfifP    lltJTOP    fu'jTtJP 

'fltjlifp  fhiu    ebiaav 


\.-oifxtjp.^   &c 

i/ufdop  'Oififa6o¥ 
-oifiifda    'Oif46o6« 
3d  Plur.  otiTO  -oiaro 

\.'Oif*t]p,  k.c.[6op 
oi^f6op-oif.if(5- 
oifAfSa  -oifitada 
3d  Plur.  o^iTO  -oiaio 

r-iiriPj  &c. 
TU7T  \  1 .  Plur.  (it](nfp  'fJfiev 
Tvqd  y  2.  f /V;rf  -*iTf 
^3.  (irjactv  -iiiv 


TVTlfjG 

tv(fdr] 


f  l.o/iM. 


Common. 
Fut.  2.  M.  C  -o'>»?J'     o7o 


ono 


Homeric. 
'folfifjv      tOiO 


fOtto 


Tvn  <^-oifAi^oP oIg'&ov oiad^f^p  rvn  I-toified^ov iotad^ov (oio'&tiv 


-oifif^a  olo'&e   oIpto 


Aor.  2.  M.  Tvn 
Fut.  l.M.  TVXp 

Aor.  1 .  M.  Tv\p 


-oifif]p  010  ono  tvn 
-oifif^op  oiG^op  olad^tjp  TiTvn 
-oififd^a  oiG'&e   oipto       tvxj) 

-ai^tjv      ato         ano 
-aifned^ov  aiO'&op  alad^tjv  rvxp 
-ttifjiedu  aia&€     uipto 


-eoified^a    &c. 

l.-0if4f]P  &c. 
\.'Olfl£&OV  oi/ifG^ov 
l.-oifie&a  oifiea'&a 

\.-alfifjp  &c. 
l.-ulfifdov  ai/AfoOov 
l.-aififOa  aifAioOot 
lur.  -uiPTO     aiaio 


3  PI 


Imperative, 


Praes.  Tvnr 


Perf. 


TiTV 


iad^mv 
tO'&Maap 


2. -*o  ev  3.  iWco&c. 


TVnT 


Aor.  2.      Tvn 


rjT(a 

fJTtOP 
7lT0)GaV 

riTOi     &c. 


-fJTOV 
-f]T€ 
Aor.  1.    TV(jpd^      -^TA 

I -ou 
Aor.  2.  M.  TUTi  < -fd^ov    *Wwv 

f  -fOd^t         IGd^OiGaV 

C  -at  ctG'd'io 

Aor.  l.M.  Ti;ip  s-acT^oi/    aGittop 

f  -UG^t        ClG^biGOtV 


3  Plur.  -tO'&oyp 
tnv  -xpo  &c. 

TVJT    -^^*    &C. 

ri;qr^  -»;ta  &c. 
Tvn  2.  -fo  *u  &c. 

T6TU7I    2. -*U    &.C. 


TWip  -at  {fo)*  aGd^ta  &c. 
*^i!»(ifo  II.  19.  36.  vid  Gram. 
§  213.     [Tr.] 

Note.    The  IniiDitives  and  Participles,  not  deviating  in  Homer 
from  the  common  forms,  are  omitted. 


CONTRACTIONS 


OF  THE 


FINAL  VOWEL  OF  THE  ROOT  AND  THE  MOOD  VOWELS 


IN  THE 


VERBA  PURA. 


§  31.  Enumeration  and  classification  of  the  possible  contractions 

in  the  Verba  Pur  a. 

Before  the  conjugation  of  the  Aorr.  Pass.,  together  with  the 
original  and  simple  conjugation  without  Mood-vowels,  can  be  un- 
derstood, we  must  give  a  general  view  of  the  so  named  Contrac- 
tions. The  Verba  Pura^  for  instance,  whose  roots  end  in  a  j^  o, 
e.  g.  Ttfiiot-M  oinf-(o  ;f()iiffo-co,  undergo,  in  the  Praes.  and  Imperf., 
especially  in  the  Attic  dialect,  many  changes  ;  e.  g.  oiWft  was  pro- 
nounced oixel;  and  X9^^^V^  XQ^^oT.  These  changes  are  denomi- 
nated Contractions.  We  must  guard,  however,  against  the  notion, 
that  the  vowel  which  appears  after  the  contraction  has  taken  place, 
always  contains  the  vowels  which  stood  together  before  the  change. 
When  olxt'it  is  contrac'ed  into  oixfl,  and  XQ^'^^V  '"^^  XO^^^^i  ^^o 
would. believe  that  the  ti,  in  this  case,  besides  the  i  and  *,  contains 
also  another  f ,  or  that  in  the  oi  are  concealed  an  o  97  and  i  ?  £v- 
jdently,  the  rapid  pronunciation  effected  such  a  change,  that  in 
place  of  the  two  or  more  vowels  one  only  was  heard,  and  that,  too, 
which  came  the  nearest  to  the  prevailing  sound.  It  is  not,  there- 
fore, necessary  to  suppose,  that  the  sound  finally  obtained,  includes 
within  itself  the  former  ones,  or  is  merely  a  sign  of  the  union  of 
those  sounds.  It  is  quite  a  different  thing,  when  «  in  dfflog  is  con- 
tracted into  drjXog  and  when  o'inff  becomes  oixf7.  In  the  first  case, 
the  sign  7]  is  employed,  which  comprehends  ft ;  in  the  latter,  how- 
ever, the  ff ,  in  the  rapidity  of  pronunciation,  becomes  fi^  the  sound 
of  which  approximates  to  that  of  «. 


CONTRACTIONS  IN  THE  VERBA  PURA. 


53 


In  the  Verba  Pura^  (-foj-aw-ow,)  the  vowels  e  a  0  are  brought 
in  immediate  contact  with  the  Mood-vowels.  Besides,  these  Mood- 
vowels,  when  the  several  terminations  are  annexed,  give  birth,  as 
we  have  already  seen,  in  the  several  Moods  Slc.  Act.  and  Pass,  to 
the  following  sounds,  viz.  m  ti  ov  t^  r]  ol.  Each  of  these,  there- 
fore, together  with  the  simple  Mood-vowels  of  the  Ind.  viz.  0  f, 
preceded  by  f  a  and  0,  give  all  the  possible  cases  of  contraction  ia 
the  Verba  Pura.  But  ft  and  ?]  need  not  be  comprised  in  this  clas- 
sification ;  for  the  Iota,  except  in  a  case  presently  mentioned,  oc- 
casions no  difficulty,  being  merely  subscribed  wherever  it  is  possi- 
ble 5  e.  g.  TtfAUfcg  Ti^iag.  E  i  and  ?^,  therefore,  may  be  considered 
as  equivalent  to  f  and  ri.  For  the  contractions,  then,  remain,  the 
two  short  vowels,  the  two  long  ones,  and  the  two  diphthongs  ot  «  ; 
in  their  proper  order,  {  0  fj  m  01  it» 

§  32.  Contractions  which  occur  in  all  the  Persons. 


-f 

-0 

-^ 

^(0 

-Oi 

-H 

f6 

io 

ft} 

fOf 

601 

68 

as 

a6 

arj 

aoi 

aoi 

an 

06 

00 

ori 

003 

OOV 

03 

1.  E. 

2.  A. 

3.  O, 

1.  For  66  we  obtain  6i;  for  60,  a;  and  ;,  before  the  long  vow- 
els and  diphthongs,  disappears  :  e.g. 

if  Ik  -66  (fihi  iqiX  -60V  iqlkov 

(fl'k    -6ri  ff^k\l  <ftk    -6MPTat  (fllMl'TdV 

(fil  -foladfjp  (fcXoiadtjv  g^ik  -6hov  (ftkuat^ 

2.  For  a  with  6  or  77,  we  obtain  a  long  «;    for  «  with  0,  w,  0^, 
8,  an  CO.     e.  g. 


Tlfl(X.6 

Tifiiarjiat 
Irifiaov 

TlfAfXOlfXV 


Tijua 

Tif-iurab 

iri^iMv 

TlfUM^U 


ttfiufig 
Jifnajjg 

TtfAUMOi 
ZlfAUOV 


ri^tug 
Tifiag 


TtjUO) 


3.  For  0  with  a  short  vowel,  we  obtain  » ;  with  a  long  one,  w  ; 
and  0,  before  the  diphthongs  ot,  «,  disappears :  e.  g. 


ygvG06iv 

X(}lGO)]TOV 
XQV(j6oi^4t 


XQVOHV 
XQVOWTOV 

9 

'/giGol^iv 


YQIOOOV 

XQl'OOOiOL 

yQVGOOViiK 


XQVGOVV 

Xi^voiuoc 

XpL'GdOCC 


54 


CONTRACTIONS    IN  THE  VERBA  PURA. 


Note.  For  o,  with  a  or  with  j^,  we  often  obtain  o* :  e.  g. 
XQKOoeig  XQ^'Q^^^f  /pi^ao'i;?  ;f(>i;ao7v- 

It  is  evident  that  no  other  contraction  is  possible. 

§  33.   On  the  Homeric  Contractions, 

The  Verba  pura,  in  Homer,  must  be  regarded  in  a  two-foUl 
point  of  view. 

1.  As  inclining  to  the  uncontracted  and  open  forms.  In  conse- 
quence of  this,  the  contraction  does  not  take  phice,  when  t  is  fol- 
lowed by  CO  ^  y^  ofc  or  »,  when  o  is  followed  by  oi  tj  or  i;,  and  when 
«  is  followed  by  r^  or  tj.  In  the  other  cases,  the  uncontracted  or 
open  forms  and  the  contracted,  are  sometimes  found  together; 
e.g.  n^W(Tf(iMv6{  and  n^oof^qMi'fi. 

2.  Such  forms  alone  are  constrticted  as  are  permitted  by  the 
Hexameter  verse.  A  great  liberty  is  used,  therefore,  in  regard  to 
the  inflections.  For  instance,  where  the  Hexameter  demands  it,  e 
is  frequently  lengthened  into  ft, ;  e.  g.  qik-tM-itjg-tr]  gives  qiX-eiM 
-iitjg-fhi :  and  the  contracted  forms  are  modified  to  suit  the  verse, 
so  that  in  verbs  in  «co,  the  vowel  of  the  root,  or  one  of  the  con- 
tracted vowels,  is  lengthened  at  pleasure  before  the  contracted 
syllable.  In  this  manner,  vccurauaa  {paUTMOu  is  at  variance  with 
the  Hexameter  verse)  may  become  vauraojau  and  vaifTowaoc.  So 
OQaovoa  gives  6()(oaa  and  ofjoojaa  ;  ^aov^a  gives  ^mgu  and  ^wwda 
(towda  is  not  adapted  to  the  Hexameter  verse.)  So  also,  ^n'ccea- 
'&ai,  fivaadai,  fAPuaad^ai,  yfXafip  yfku  ytXdnv.  The  contraction 
of  fo  into  iv^  which  does  not  take  place,  however,  in  the  2d  pers. 
Sing.  Imperf  and  Aor.  2.  M.,  is  somewhat  anomalous.  Thus  vii- 
KfovGt  (from  vftxfOPTGi)  in  Homer,  becomes  vfixfrai.  In  the  3d 
pers.  Plur.  Imperf.,  such  forms  as  inooOovp  ctit^^miovvy  undergo 
the  usual  contraction  of  ;o  into  ou.  Having  premised  thus  much, 
all  the  cases  of  contraction  occurring  in  Homer,  in  the  Verba  pura^ 
may  easily  be  explained  in  the  following  Paradigm. 


VERBA  PURA, 

§  34.     Active. 

Verba  Pura  in  -iot. 
Indicative  Prces. 


55 


S.  qiX 

Full  form. 

-i(0 

Attic. 

-OI 

-iOi 

Homeric. 
-ei(a 

-uig 

-eig 

-f'eig 

-eieig 

-elg 

-tit, 

-ft 

-eet 

-elet^ 

-ei 

D. 

-UTOV 

-ell  OP 

-e'er  OP 

-eierov 

-eltov 

P. 

-tOflfV 

-ovfiev 

-tOf-l^P 

-ilOfifV 

-evfiev 

-ttif 

-eTre 

-texe 

-eiere 

-elzf 

■ 

-iovav 

-OVGV 

-e'ovat 

-evGi 

Subjunctive. 

S.  qcK 

-t(0 

-00 

-tM 

-elio 

-tfjg 

**• 

-iijg 

-elrjg         -f'tjG&a 

~'P 

"? 

-tp 

■e'fjGi,        -elf} 

-eifH 

D. 

-ffJTOV 

-7]T0V 

-i'tJlOP 

-elf  TOP 

P. 

-fMjUflt 

-wjLiep 

-eci)(Aep 

-elofiev 

-i7]Tf 

-ijre 

-ei]Te 

-eieze 

-i(f)(5l 

-MGC 

-t(aov 

Optative. 

S.  <f)tX 

-ioiuv 

t 

-oTfit^ 

-lOlfA& 

"OlfiV 

-t'oig 

-o7g 

-e'oig 

^oh]g 

-toi, 

-0? 

-too 

-oifj 

D. 

-fOCTOP 

-oItov 

-tOlTOP 

P. 

-toiifiv 
-ioifnep 
-tone 
toiev 

~oin]v 
-olftiep 
-oTre 
-ouv 

-eoitfjv 
-f'oifiev 
-tone 
-to  lev 

Imperative. 

S.  qiX 

-ee 

-tt, 

-ee 

~ei 

-eixfo 

-eiTM 

-eiTbi 

-elroi 

D. 

-e'er  OP 

-en  OP 

-terov 

-ehov 

-etT(t)v 

-eiTMP 

-etTMP 

-eiTMp 

P. 

-e'ere 

-eTre 

-tere 

-eJie 

-etTwaav 

-ehoDaav 

-eivbiGuv 

-eizcuGuv 

56 


VERBA  PUKA. 


q)iX 


g>tX 


S.  (g}il 

D. 
P. 


Infinitive. 


Full  form.      Attic. 
-uiv         -eiv 


Homeric. 


-fiv 


Participle, 


'fMV 

-(OV 

-tCDV 

-flMP 

-iovaa 

-ovaa 

"tovaa 

-iiovaa 

-iov 

-ovv 

~iOV 

Indicative  Impcrf. 


sov 

-ovv 

-fOV 

-tfOXOP 

-flfGHOP 

-ffg 

-fig 

-teg 

-fig 

-ffOHfg 

-fifoxfg 

-u 

-u 

-ft 

-ft 

-ifaxf 

-fifGXf 

'ieiov 

"ilTOV 

-If  TOP 

-fix  OP 

-ftTtjV 

-flrrjp 

-ftTtjP 

-flTfJP 

-fO^iV 

-OVfifV 

-t'o^ifv 

-fVfAfP 

~ifT€ 

-ilre 

-ifjf 

-flxf 

'tOV 

"OVP 

-fOP 

-OVP 

-UGHOP 

-fUanop 

Verba  Puka  in  -«w. 
Indicative  PrcEs, 


s. 

Tlf* 

-«W 

-ft* 

-aw 

-M 

-6  m 

"MM 

-oLfig 

-dftg 

-ag 

-dag 

-aag 

-aft 

-a  ft 

-« 

1 

-aa 

-da 

D. 

-afxop 

-aiop 

-dfxop 

-drop 

-duTOP 

P. 

-ClOfliP 

-MflfP 

-dofifp 

-M(.liP 

-00)  fiUP 

-MMl 

-ttfXf 

-axf 

-dfxf 

-dxf 

-ddxf 

-aovat 

-Mat 

-dovGt 
Subjunctive. 

-Mat 

-OMat 

-MMi 

S. 

TifA 

-U(0 

-w 

-d(o 

-M 

-6  m 

-MO) 

-arjg 

-^g 

-dpg 

-drjG&a 

-y 

-dri 

-ar^at 

D. 

-a^jxov 

-axop 

-afjxop 

P. 

"01(0  flfP 

-MfifP 

-aojfifp 

-MfifP 

"drjxf 

-ttXf 

-drixf 

m 

-acout 

-MQt 

-dvjot 

-Mat 

VERBA  PURA, 


67 


Optative, 


Full  form. 

Attic. 

Homeric 

S.  Ttfl 

-doifAt 

-MJ4t 

-aoifit 

"Mfit 

-doig 

-Mg 

-dotg 

"Mg 

-dot 

-dot 

"M 

D. 

-aoiTOP 

-MXOV 

-dotxop 

-aoixtjp 

-MXf]P 

-aoix7]p 

P. 

-aotf.iip 

-M^fP 

-aot^Afp 

-doixf 

-MXf 

< 

-aotxf 

"MXf 

-dotfp 

-MfP 

-doifp 

"MfV 

Imperative, 


S.  Tlfl 

-ttf 

-« 

-ae 

-a 

-atxM 

axM 

-atxM 

-dxM 

D. 

-dfxop 

axop 

-afxop 

-dxop 

-atxMP 

-dxMP 

-atxMP 

-dxMp 

P. 

-dfXf 

"dfXf 

-axe 

"aexMGap 

dxMaap 

-afxMaap 

-dxMOap 

"OMfit 


■00)X0P 


-OMfAfP 

"6(!0Xf 

-Ot^fP 


Tlfjl 


TtfJt 


S.  fXlfl 

D. 
P. 


-aetp 


-aMp 

"daaa 

"dop 


Infinitive. 


■q.p 


-aftp 


Participle, 


"(fp 


-a(xv 


■MP 

-aMp 

-MP 

-OMP 

■Maa 

-daaa 

-Maa 

"MMaa 

"dMau 

MP 

-dop 

-MP 

Indicative  Imperf. 


-aop 

"MP 

-aop 

-MP 

-OMP 

-aeg 

"ug 

"afg 

-ag 

-dug 

-ttf 

-a 

-ae 

-a 

-da 

-dfxop 

-dxov 

-dfxop 

"dxop 

"daxop 

-aixfjp 

-dx7]p 

-atxrjp 

-dxtjp 

-udxrjp 

-ao^KP 

-a^ifv 

-aofifp 

-afifp 

"OMflfP 

"dfxe 

-axf 

-atxf 

-dxf 

"daxf 

-aop 

-tui/ 

-aop 

"MP 

Also  1 .  -aaxop 

"duaxop 

2. 

-fg  3.  -f 

3  Flur. 

"OP 

58 


VERBA  PURA. 
VkRBA    PuRA    in    -OOli, 

Indicat,  Proes. 


Full  form. 

Attic. 

Homeric. 

S.  SfjX 

-6  m 

-0) 

-00) 

-ofig 

^o7g 

-oeig 

-o7g 

-6(1 

-01 

-6  ft 

-Oi 

D. 

-OiTOP 

-OVTOV 

-6fT0V 

-OVTOV 

P. 

-oo^ev 

-OVf.l(V 

-OOfAiV 

-OVfifV 

-6  fit 

-OVT€ 

-6iit 

-ovte 

-6ovac 

-ovai 

-6ovGi 

Subjunctive. 


S.  dtjK 

-Ota 

-•01 

-6ia 

'Otjg 

-o7g 

-0|i5 

-oj^oi^a 

1 

-6ri 

-01 

-h 

-otjai 

D. 

-otjtov 

-MTOV 

-6f]T0V 

P. 

-6MfifP 

-Mf.iev 

-OMfiev 

1 

-6rjTf 

-one 

-orjie 

-6u)ai^ 

-WGl 

Optative. 

-00)  (J*- 

S.  dtjK 

-ooi^u 

-o7fii 

-6oifii 

-6oig 

-o7g 

-ooig 

-6oL 

-01 

-60L 

D. 

-60CTOV 

-ohov 

-6oiTQir 

-oohi]v 

-oitfiv 

-ooiri}y 

P. 

-6oififv 

-o7fiev 

-6oifiev 

-6one 

-0?T* 

-oocre 

-ooitv 

-o7ev 

-60  lev 

Imperative. 

S.  d^K 

-oe 

-» 

-oe 

-ft 

-OfTO} 

-OTM 

-oe'tai 

-trro) 

D. 

-6fT0P 

-UTOV 

-6eT0v 

-UTOV 

-OtTMV 

-UIMV 

-OttMV 

-blMV 

P. 

-6  fie 

0>m 

-Hie 

-6eie 

-bxe 

-OiTMGUV 

-tiiwaav 

-oe'raiGav 

-UTOiOav 

• 

Infinitive. 

d^l 

-oeiv 

-tiV 

-~6eiv 

VERBA    PURA. 


59 


dfjl 


Participle. 


Full  form. 

Attic. 

Homeric. 

-00)1/ 

Ml 

-0)y 

-00)1/ 

-oovaa 

-ovna 

-ooi'(r« 

-60V 

^OVP 

-OOP 

Indicat.    Imperf. 


S.  edrjK 


D. 


P. 


-OOP 

-OVP 

-OOP 

-oeg 

-ovg 

-oeg 

-ovg 

-oe 

-OV 

-oe 

-ov 

-6erov 

-OVtOP 

-oeTOP 

-OVTOP 

-otrr^p 

-OVTt]P 

-OtJfjV 

-OVTllV 

-oofiep 

-ovfjiep 

-oofiep 

-ovfiep 

-oeie 

-ovte 

-6eTe 

-ovTe 

-OOP 

-OVP 

-OOP 

-OVP 

Note.  Many  forms  of  the  the  verb  io  -om,  which  occur  in 
Homer,  made  by  protracting  0  before  the  Ultimate  or  Penultimate, 
have  been  omitted  by  the  Author ;  regarding  them  perhaps,  as 
examples  of  that  poetical  license,  which  shortens  or  lengthens  a 
syllable  at  pleasure  to  accommodate  the  form  to  the  measure  of 
the  verse.  Examples  of  such  forms,  both  in  the  Act.  and  Pass., 
are  «^()a)0*'ra,  II.  18.  372.  Id^iooPTui,  II.  8.  543.  vnvojovTag,  II. 
24.  344.  Od.  5.  48.  /0)fT««,  II.  20.  29.  ;foi60,  Od.  5.  215.  x^'^^^^^ 
II.  21.  306-     QWOPTO,  II.  1 1.  50.     TiXatoui',  Od.  5.  240,  &c.     [Tr.] 


S.  qd 

D. 
P. 


S 


.  (ftX 


§  35. 

Passi 

roe. 

Vkrba  Pura  i\  - 

-eo^uL. 

-^OLiai 

-nfnaL 

-eoiiai 

-ei\ucci 

-ep 

"'I 

-{eeai)     -e)i 

-^7a(^     -e<x^ 

-e'er  a  I 

-6rrat 

-e'eTac 

-eiTai 

-eofiedop 

-ef.U\)OP 

-ei'fied^op 

-eoiuG\}op 

-e'ea^op 

-elaO^op 

-e'eoOop 

-e7G\)ov 

-e6(i4e{>a 

-bpeO^cc 

-evfiiei^a 

-eouea&cL 

-e'eod^e 

-elaxh 

-e'fOife 

-e7a&e 

-tovrai 

-tiPTUtr 

-lOPlCCl 

-evvTutf 

Sub) 

unctive 

% 

-eMfAai 

■  • 
-10 11  a  I 

-f'omai 

* 

ii 


60 

VERBA  PURi 

i. 

Full  form. 

Attic. 

Homeric. 

^iy 

• 

tf]tac 

^fJTai 

-trjiat, 

D. 

-{(OfLifd'OV 

-(Ofiii^ov 

-fWfif'&ov 

-ftjG&OV 

-f]a{fov 

-iljG&OV 

P. 

-{(o^uOa 

-(Of.tf  i^a 

^fCDfAfita 

-lf]G&£ 

~ijG&S 

-tf]9d^6 

-iffivxai 

-lovrat 

-tojvtai 

S.  q)iX 


D. 


P. 


S.  q}iX 

D. 

P. 


Optative. 


-fOtfAfJV 

-toco 

-iOlTO 

^toiGd^ov 
-eoiG&tjP 

-iOlVTO 


'iOV 

-fiGOo) 

-ugOop 

-SfGOMV 

-{fG{yf 

-itG&MGdV 


g*A  -teG{^C(l> 


(fiX        "tofAfi'og 


S.  ig)iX 


D. 


-010 

-o7to 

-oififiyov 

-oIgO^op 

-OtGxitjP 

-oifteO^cc 

-oioi^e 

-olvto 

Imperative, 
-ov 

-ilG^M 

-{igOlop 

-flGd^f 

-iiG&MGaV 

Infinitive. 


-fOif^ttJP 

-iOlO 

-iOlTO 

-fOi/n6\fOP 

-tOiG{>OP 

-eoiG{ytjp 
-foif^tfO^u 

-tOLG&t 
-to  IPX  0 


-fv  -f7o  {<xid{7o  11.  21.  503. 

-HGxyM 
-t'fGx^OP 
-6tG{^0}P 
-ifG{^i 

-itoOMGap 


-UG{^at> 


-{OfifJP 

-bfifjp 

-IOV 

-ov 

-tfTO 

-fTro 

-fOfxfOop 

-ttfAfxJoP 

-t'foOop 

-ilGi}0P 

-(tGOrjp 

-HGx^riP 

Participle. 
-tif.UPog  -tOfiiPOQ 

Jndicat.  Imperf. 

-fOfirjP 

{ffo) 
-i7to 
-fVfiifOov 
-tfoOop 

"liGOtiP 


-llG^M 

-eiG&op 

-flG&tDP 

-iiGxfe 

-flGx^OJGttP 

-e7o\>octf 
-ivfitpog 


-IVftJjP 

-fto 
-ftfiO 

-f7G{fOP 
-llGUtjP 


p. 


S".  Tlfl 

D. 

P. 


S.  Tlfl 

D 

p. 


S.  Tlfl 


D. 


p. 


S.  Tlfl 

D. 


VERBA  PURA 

t 

Full  form. 
-fOfif&a 

-16G&S 

Attic. 

-HG-dt 

Homeric. 
-fo^tfd^a 

-ifG{^6 

• 

-fvfxe^a 

-{7G{t£ 

-tOPTO 

-avTO 

-tOPtO 

-fVPTO 

$1 


V^ERBA  PuRA  IN  -aOflUC. 

Indicat.  Press. 


-aojuctt 
-drj 

-ttOfif^OP 

-afGi^op 
-aofAfd^a 

-UiG'&S 

-aopTttO 


-aw 
t' 

-ao^ifd^op 
-a^G^OP 

-ariG&e 

-UMPT  ttC 


-aotiiirjp 

-aoio 

-doiTO 

-(KOifli^OP 

-ClOiGxfOP 

-aoiGdtjP 

-aoifif&a 
-doiGd^i 

-doiPTO 

-fxov 

-UfGd^M 
-UiGdoP 


-OCTUt 

-M^fxfOP 

-UGx^OP 

-UiPVOlV 


-WfiUl 


-aotiat 

-aerai      -aiav  -otaruv 
-ao^f&op     -(t)fifd^ov 

-ueG^OP   -uG&op  -duG&op 
-aofAfd^zx,  -ojjut'&cc 

-d{Gd^{      -aG&e  -daa^i 

-dopiui    -cUpTCd  -ooiVTca 


Subjunctive. 


-a 

t 

-cerate 

-wfieO^op 

-aGifop 

-ttGO^f 
-MPTttt 

Optative. 

-M(ilt]P 
-MO 

« 

-ono 

-v)(Af&OP 

-MG&OV 

-MGx^tjP 

-Mfifl^U 

-WGdf 

§ 

-iUPTO 

Imperative. 

-01 

-ugO^m 

-UGifOP 

9 


-dtfrai, 

-aM[.a{^ov 

-ar]G\yov 

"CifiGd^e 
-a(t)pTut, 


-aoiinf]p    -0)iu7]p      -ooifir^i' 
-aoio        -100  -oojo 

r  /«  • 

-CtOCTO         -fUrO  -OOJTO 

-aoifiiOop  -oi^^v^.  -ooj^uxt. 

-UOCGx^OP     -OiG^.        -OMGd^. 
aolGd^}}P     -MOd^.  -OMOO. 

-aoi^fd^a  -ojufd-,  -ovififxi. 
-doiG&f      -inGxf^.       -OOtGd", 

-CXOIPTO  -UH'TO  -CtjatO  -OOtfTO 

(afo)      -{V       -w       -6(a 

-UhGd^b)     -aG&M  -UUGd^OJ 

-oieG&op  -kgOop  -ucxg&ov 


s. 


4  ^ 


6f 


P. 


Ttf* 


fin 


%,  iitftt 


S.  drjl 

D. 
P. 


S.  dtiX 


D. 


VERBA  PURA. 

Full  form. 

Attic. 

Homeric. 

-•(iWwy 

'^aa&MP 

-aea^Mv         -aa{^(op 

-ttfa&e 

-aad^s 

-aia&{     -aa^i     -aaa&e 

-aia&MGav 

-aG^MOav 

-ttia&Maav     -ua&Moav 

Infinitive, 


'KfGd^ac       -ua&cct^ 


-uea&uv    ~uG&av     -aaa&at' 


P. 


Participle 

• 

-ao^ivog 

-bJfAiVO^ 

-aofuvog 

-(ofifpog 

-ouifiipog 

Indicat. 

Impt 

zrj. 

-(XOflfJV 

-MfitJV 

-OCOf^fJV 

-MfdtJP 

-00}fltlP 

uov 

-01 

(afo) 

-dfTO 

-ara 

-ano 

-CITO 

-aaro 

-aofif&ov 

VJ^lf&OV 

-aofufdop 

-(Oflfd. 

-0Mf.ied. 

-aeadov 

-ccaO^op 

-u{a\)op 

-UG&OP 

-uccoirop 

-at'o&rjv 

-aaOtiV 

-aio&tiv 

-ocaOrjp 

-auo{fi]P 

-aof-ifOa 

-Mjiifiya. 

-ao^tiia 

-Mf4f&a 

-oojfifOce 

-aiod^e 

-aoOi 

-aiaO{ 

-ua{y( 

-uaoxtf 

'UOVTO 

-bivTO 

-ttOVTO 

-uipTO 

-OMPTO 

Verba  Pura 

IN  ■ 

-OOflCtl. 

Indicat. 

Free*. 

-oo/iat 

-yficci 

-oof.iac 

-bfiCli 

-ori 

-o7 

Ofav 

-oji 

-OiTttV 

-biav 

-onoLV 

-tiiat 

-OOjUfdOP 

-dfifOoy 

-0Of.lf&0V 

-bft( 

Sop 

-oioOov 

-tiodov 

-ocadop 

-bodop 

-oofjieda 

'ttfAfOcC 

-00  ft  f  Sac 

-ttfif 

Oct 

-OfoOe 

-bade 

-OiOi^e 

-60d6 

'OOVTOLL 

-bviac 

-oopiab 

-bPTCti 

Subjunctivi 

^ 

"OWfiCtl 

-MfAttt 

-00)ftCCl> 

-0*1 

1 

-01 

'Ori    . 

■ 

-OfJTCtt 

-CJTttl 

-otjTaif 

-OOOfAf&OV 

-(OfAfSov 

-oo)ftf6op 

-orjffdoi/ 

-biadov 

-6t]oOop 

-QMfAiSot 

-Wf4{6u 

-00Jf4{6« 

f 


VERBA 

PURA. 

Full  form. 

Attic. 

Homeric. 

-otjaOe 

-loGde 

-Ofiode 

-OCOPTUl 

-biPTav 

-ObiVTUV 

Optative, 

s.dni 

-00lf.iflP 

-Ol/HfJP 

-oolfifjv 

-0010 

-o7o 

-0010 

-oono 

-o7to 

-oono 

D. 

-oolfAiSoy 

-OlfAfOoP 

-ooififSov 

-oolgBop 

-oIgSop 

-ooigOop 

-ooloOfjp 

-OlGdfJP 

-OOlOdtiP 

P. 

-ooififdtt 

-oififda 

-oolfAfOtt 

-ooiGda 

-o7adf 

-ooigOc 

-OOCPTO 

-o7pto 

-QOIPZO 

Imperative 

• 

s.  dtiX 

-oov 

at 

{ofo) 

-OfGdcii 

-tlGdot} 

-oeoOca 

-UGdO) 

D. 

-OfGdOP 

-bodop 

-OfGdoP 

-yadop 

-oigOmp 

-sgOmp 

-oioOiop 

-bodcop 

P. 

'OfOdf 

-yGxte 

-Of  ode 

-boSe 

-OiGdcDGttP 

-bGdoDoav 

-oiGdcjoap 

-baOoDGap 

dfjl         -Of  G  Sac 


Sfjk 


S.  idtjX 


D. 


P. 


-OOfAfPOQ 


ii 


Infinitive, 
-bodat  -ofGdat'  -baBoLt 

Participle, 
-bfifpog  -oofAiPog         -ifitvog 

Indicat.  Imperf. 


■OOfifJP 

-bfiTip 

-OOflTJV 

-bfitJV 

oov 

(ofo) 

OfTO 

-bTO 

-OfTO 

-bTO 

■oofjLfBop 

-bfjfBop 

-00 ^f Bop 

-bfAfBov 

ofoBop 

-boBop 

^OfoBop 

-boBov 

ofoBtiP 

-boBrjp 

'  ofoBfiP 

-iaBfjp 

■oo^fBa 

-ufiifBu 

-oofifBa 

-bfifBa 

ofoBf 

-boBf 

-OfoBf 

-boBe 

OOPIO 

-bPTO 

-OOVIO 

-bPTO 

t« 


h 


CONJUGATION  OF  VERBS 

WITHOUT  MOOD-VOWELS. 

§  3G.     Conjugation  of  the  Aorr.  Passive. 

We  come  now  to  the  Conjugation  without  Alood-vowels^  so  cnWei]^ 
because,  from  tho  failure  of  the  Mood-vowels,  almost  all  the  devia- 
tions from  the  general  rule,  in  the  preceding  Paradigm,  are  to  be 
explained.  This  Paradigm,  arranged  according  to  an  arbitrary  class- 
ification, can  with  difficulty  bo  remembered  ;  but,  when  its  princi- 
ples are  developed  and  explained,  it  is  understood  in  a  very  short 
time,  and  deeply  impressed  on  the  memory.  To  commence  with 
the  Aorr.  of  the  Pass,  which  the  Paradigm  presented  in  ^  29  has 
anticipated.  If  we  compare  the  hid.  irvqiyj]!/  with  the  Opt.  rvq- 
6fh]v^  and  irv7i7]v  with  Tviifh]i'^  it  is  obvious*  that  the  Ground-forms 
of  the  Tenses  are  rvqSf  and  rimf,  to  which,  in  order  to  form  the 
Aorr.,  the  Terminations  of  the  Secondary  tenses  of  the  Act.  are 
subjoined,  viz.  Sing.  1. -v  2. -a  3. — Dual  l.-f4fv,  2. -toi' 3. -tt^v 
Plur.  \.-fifif  2.-rf  3.-(j«i/.  These  terminations,  in  case  the  Mood- 
vowel  fails,  are  annexed  immediately  to  the  Ground-form,  which, 
in  the  Indica'.  Imperat.  and  Intin.,  lengthens  the  final  vowel,  e.  g. 
tTvqStii' — hvifOtjociif  from  TVifOf  ;  i^fji' — t^t](foLv  from  cu.  Ob- 
serve first  the  conjugation. 


ttVTl 


Indicat. 

s 


Optative. 

tin       J      ,  , 

nqu-    J      ,  ' 

[nfin. 


iv:x      }     ~ 


fit] 


Tvn 
Ttq{y 


Tim 


{ 


Subjur.ct. 


tin 


-iO 

Imperat. 


titOV 


Tvn 


Paiticip. 


ip 


The  Subjunct.  has  its  Mood-vowels,  but  is  usually  found  in  the 
contracted  form  ;  e.g.  jvmo}  ri^rroT,  jvnHiq  init'ig ;  dtM  (from  {Tt) 
Otrig  {)tij,  i'>cJ  {>7)g  {ttj,  in  Homer  {tfiio  xhujg  diu]  with  the  pro- 
tracted f ,  as  in  (filel(xi'{h]g  &c. 


AORR.  PASSIVE. 


65 


The  Optat.  takes  after  the  Ground-form  an  t,  and  subjoins  the 
terminations  of  the  Indicat,  viz.  \.-f]v  i-fjg  3.-^.  Dual,  l.-tjfjifv 
'Z.'tixov  3.-f}Ttjv.  Plur.  l.-fjfifv  2.-^r*  3.-f]Gav  ;  e.  g.  rvqBi-i-tjv 
Tvqdfhjp,  Tide — Tidfitjv,  Oe — Oiiriv,  gto. — OTahjv,  &c. 

The  Imperative  has  the  terminations  of  the  Act.,  and  in  the  2. 
Sing,  retains  the  Ot,  which  in  the  Act.  is  dropped  ;  e.  g.  Sing.  2. 
-dt  S.-TO).  Dual  2-T0i>  S.-TMP.  Plur.  2.  xt  S.-tmgccv.  In  some 
few  verbs,  e.  g.  in  ora  {iGTr^fit,)  the  vowel  is  lengthened,  (GraOi) 
t;^6i ;  in  other  cases,  it  is  short,  e.  g.  dido  dido-C^i,  if  tf^i  hi  to,  &c. 

When  another  -i^  precedes,  the  last  is  changed  into  the  corres- 
ponding  Tenuis  or  smooth   mute,  for  the   sake  of  euphony,  e.  g. 

TVq&t]^L    TV(fx^tJTl^  Tl&e^l    TlOiTl. 

The  Infinit.  m-voii  has  generally  in  other  cases,  the  vowel  pre- 
ceding the  -vtti  short.  In  the  Aorr.  Pass.,  however,  Tvntjpai 
Af;ft^iJ/'a*,  and  in  GTtjpai  &c.  the  vowel  is  long,  but  in  Ti^t'pat 
iGTotvai  &,c.  short. 

The  terminations  of  the  Participles  are  evidently-i/r^-irda-i/r?. 
Hence,  when  the  Ground-form  is  added,  and  the  whole  form  reduc- 
ed, from  Tvqd^fvTg,  TV(f^ePTGa,  Tvq^fpxg,  we  obtain  Tvg.&(ig 
'fjGa  -ip.  In  the  Neuter,  t?  is  rejected  to  obtain  a  form  differ- 
ent from  the  Masculine.  In  the  same  manner,  do  dopzg,  d^g  -^gu 
-op;  axa  GzapTg,  Gzug  Giaoa  gtixp ;  dfixvv  duxpvpTg,  deixpvg 
vaa  vv, 

§  37.     The  Active  without  Mood-vowels. 

The  conjugation  without  Mood-vowels,  which  is  also  the  origi- 
nal conjugation,  has  been  preserved  in  the  Ferba  Pura.^  commonly 
those  with  monosyllabic  roots  in-6-a-o,  and  in  others  of  more  than 
one  syllable  in  v;  e.  g.  qa  qf]fii<i  dfixpv  dflxpvfiu.  In  the  unculti- 
vated dialects  this  was  the  case  in  Verba  Pura  of  every  kind  ;  e.  g. 
o'^aoj  ogrjfii,  qo^im  qo^ri^i,  &c.  Under  this  conjugation  are  in- 
cluded in  the  Act.,  the  PraBS.  Imperf.  and  Aor.  2.,  and  in  the 
Pass.,  the  Praes.  Imperf.  and  Aor.  2.  M.  In  adiHtion  to  the  re- 
marks in  the  preceding  Paragraph,  some  few  observations  are 
here  necessary. 

We  employ  the  verbs  qu-M,  dfixpv-o)^  i'-co,  do-oi,  Of'-oj,  whose 
roots  are  qa,  detxrv,  oia,  i,  do,  ^e.  Many  of  these  are  increased, 
in  the  Praes.  and  Imperf.,  by  prefixing  an  ^,  which,  when  possible, 


66 


CONJUGATION  OF  THE  ACTIVE. 


CONJUGATION  OF  THE  PASSIVE. 


67 


i 


it 
If 


is  preceded  by  the  first  consonant  of  the  root ;  e.g.  ora,  i,  So,  ^i ; 
iGTu,  if,  didOf  Ti&f,  (not  aiOTci  ^tx^f.) 

1.  Frws.  In  the  Sing,  the  terminations  are  irregular,  l.-fii, 
2. -?,  3. -d*.  The  vowels  are  lengthened  before  these  termina- 
tions ;  e.  g.  qf]-ini,  dftxvv-fti^  icnti-^u,  hj-fih  did(o-fii^,  Ti{^tj-fit,  -tjg 
"Tjat.  Tlie  conjugation  then  proceeds  regularly  through  the  re- 
maining perss.  with  the  usual  terminations,  viz.  Dual-jMfi/-roi/ -rov 
Pi u r. -|i«;*' -r* -1/1(7^;  e.  g.  (^a-jti/i/  ij^u-tov  g^ct-rov  ga-^iv  qa-tt 
{q)a-vTOi)  qaoi  The  3  perss.  Plur.  are  qdviat,  diiavvptGi,  Igtuv- 
TGI,  hvTGi,  dtdovTGiy  TiBtvTGv.  Ffom  these  original  forms,  the 
vx  may  l;e  rejected,  and  then  we  have  the  common  forms  quGi 
dfixvvGi  iGxaGL  hiGt  dtduGi  itx^flGi.  The  lonians  and  Attics  re- 
ceived frequently  in  the  3  Plur.  an  «  in  place  of  v  as  in  qvyoiujo 
ior  qvyotPTO.  If  in  the  forms  here  under  consideration,  besides 
the  reception  of  a  for  v,  we  reject  the  t  before  g,  we  have  the 
Ionic-Attic  forms^  dfixi'vaoi  ituGi  didoaGc  Tff^taGi. 

Note.  Many  of  the  yerba  pura^  with  roots  of  more  than  one 
syllable,  form  this  Praes.  by  subjoining  -vvviii,  e.g.  nfruM  ntTaw 
vfAi,  (7xf()aw  GHiduvvv^u ;  Mutes  and  Liquids  by  the  addition  of 
-PVfii,  e.  g.  oQty-vvfAi  dfU-vv^u  oiy-vvfn, 

2.  Imperf.  and  Aor.    Both  tenses  have  the  terminations  of  the 

Aorr.  Pass.,  but  the  vowels   are  lengthened   only  in  the  Singular. 

The  difference  between  these  two  tenses  consists  only  in  this,  that 

the  Imperf.  is   formed   by  the   aid   of  the  prefixes  -*  -di,  -it;  the 

Aor.,  however,  is  formed  from  the  unaltered  root;    e.g.  Imperf. 

'tGTt]v,   from/ffTw;    Xor,  iGit]Vy  from   Gia;    Imperf.  idldtav,  from 

dido ;  Aor.  idiop,  from  do.     The  prefix,  therefore,  distinguishes 

the  Imperf.  from  the  Aor.    When  this  fails,  as  in  <^ /;/(/,  both  tenses 

cannot  be  formed.     The  conjugation  is  as  follows  ; 

Imperf.  idl^Mv  ?  t^  r» 

Aor.  2.  i'dtop     I  ~^^     ^     ^'  ~^^^^     ^'  -^i"*"     ^^*     offai/ 

Note  1.  Many  verba  pura,  which  otherwise  belong  to  the 
conjugation  with  the  Mood-vowel,  form  also  the  Aor.  2.  in  this 
manner ;  e.  g.  3u-m,  tdvp  —  idiGai' ;  fiatpM,  from  ^a,  t^t^p ;  yiy- 
piuGxm,  from  ypo,  tyvoiP. 

Note  2.  That  the  Moods  are  formed  in  the  manner  described 
when  treating  of  the  Aorr.  Pass.,  has  been  already  hinted;  and 
here  also,  the  prefix  distinguishes  between  the  Pr«s.  and  Aor. 


Subjiinct.         Optat. 
Praes.     Tt^^oi        Ti&fif]v 


Imperat. 


xUnTt 


Infin.  Particip. 

Tt&ipai,  Tt&iig 

Aor.  2.  -^w  '&ih2p  [dill)  t^fV      {^iPui)  ^ilpav    ^flg 

Note  3.  All  the  remaining  tenses  are  formed,  in  the  usual 
manner,  from  the  root,  by  the  aid  of  the  Mood-vowels ;  e.  g.  do, 
SojGoj,  St'dcoxa,  &c.  Irregular  are  from  r/^j?^*,  the  Aor.  1.  Act. 
i-&t]xa,  M.  i&tjx<ififjv,  Perf.  Act.  m^axa.  Pass.  Tt&HfAon,  Plusqpf. 
hi&ii^t^p;  from  didMfAi,  Aor.  1.  Act.  tdbixot,  M.  idojxufifjv. 

§  38.   The  Passive  witJiout  Mood-vowels. 

The  Pass,  here  has  no  peculiar  terminations,  but  those  merely 
of  the  Conjugation  with  Mood-vowels.  But,  as  the  terminations 
are  subjoined  immediately  to  the  Ground-forms,  the  Conjugation 
proceeds  with  regularity,  and  calls  for  but  few  additional  observa- 
tions. 1.  This  conjugation  extends  itself  only  to  the  Prres.  and 
Imperf.,  and  in  some  verbs,  to  the  Aorr.  2.  M.  The  remaining 
tenses  have  the  Mood-vowels,  e.  g.  TiOf-^iui  -gcll  -rat,  &c.  iitde 
-fiVv  'GO  -TO,  &c.  iS^iriP  -<T0  'TO,  &c.  It  must  be  understood 
here,  also,  that  the  Aor.  can  be  found  only  where  the  prefix- 
es i  dv  Ti  are  admissible,  which  distinguish  the  Imperf.  from  the 
Aor. 

2.  In  the  2d.  perss.,  the  g  is  generally  retained  ;  it  is  dropped 
in  some  instances  in  the  Imperf  arid  in  the  Imperat,  and  frequent- 
ly in  the  Optat;  e.g.  from  /ar/;.«af,  Imperat.  igtugo,  more  fre- 
quently i'GTO) ;  Optat.  iGTccTo,  &c. 

3.  The  Subjunct.  is  found  here  also  with  the  Mood-vowel  and 
co^ntracted;  e.g.  TiSHOLiai,  TiSolfiat ;  riStti,  nOtj ;  Tidniiai,  ri- 
StjTai.  But  in  the  contraction  here,  there  is  this  peculi.iny,  that 
Ofi  becomes  o) ;  and  ajj,  rj ;  e.g.  did6a)/,,at.  didol^m,  dMrj  didol, 
dcdotjtai  didwrai,  iGratj  IgtiJ.     The  same  is  true  in  the  Act. 

4.  Moreover,  many  of  the   Ferba  Pura  follow  the  analogy  of 

this  conjugation  in  the  Pass,  only,  and  in  the  Act.  have  the  regular 

Mood-vowels  ;  e.  g.  nha^ai,  mra  -ftcci  -oat  -xai ;  dmai(ai-Gat> 

'Tui.     In  the  same  manner,  xiJ^ac,  di^tmm,  oliiuv,  Imperf  ot^rtv, 
&c. 

§  39.  Paradigm  of  the  Active. 

The  Homeric  do  not  differ  frequently  from  the  common  forms. 
In  the  Passive,  if  we  except  the  frequent  omission  of  the  Augment 


ft 


66 


PARADIGM  OF  THE  ACTIVE. 


PARADIGM  OF  THE  ACTIVE. 


69 


i 


1^' 

h. 


and  the  uncontracted  form  of  the  Aor.  Imperat.  d^to^  avv&eo,  the 
commoD  and  Homeric  forms  coincide. 


Indicat, 

,  Press. 

S.  Tld"  -fifii 

did 

'bifit, 

ig  -fjf*i' 

-Tig  Horn. 

tjaSa 

-(og  H.  oig  oigdu 

-fjg 

-7]<Jt 

-0)01  H.  ( 

n 

-tjat 

D.             -ifAiV 

-OflfV 

-afifp 

-iTOV 

-OTOP 

-urop 

P.             '(fAiV 

-OfllV 

-UfitP 

-fZf 

-on 

-are 

-*?ff* 

-uoc 

-UGl 

Subjunctive, 

S.  Ild^  -M 

did 

ig-oi 

-rig 

-Mg 

'V 

< 

"? 

D.           -M^UV 

-lO^tfP 

-Ittf-tSV 

-rjrop 

-(OTOP 

-^jTOP 

P.              -MfAtV 

-iofiiv 

-MflfP 

-#Jt« 

-Mti 

-rjTe 

-wa* 

-MGb 

-(ajGO 

Optative, 

■ 

S.  T//]^  -eh}v 

did 

-Olt]P 

ig  -ait]v 

-firjg 

-oitjg 

-€ClT]g 

'fhj 

-oif] 

-airj 

D.         ~fir]f.i{tf 

-OltJflfV 

-aitjufp  H.  uTfAtp 

-fh]TOP 

-oit]jop 

-aitjiop 

-iltllTJIf 

-oirjrtip 

-ait]TtjP 

-iirjfifv 

-0lt](.lfP 

-altjfifp  H.  -al^ufp 

-flt]T6 

-oifjTf  H. 

-o7t{ 

-aifiti          -aire 

"fhiOav 

-oitjGap 

-OUP 

-altjGUP        -alfp 

Imperative, 

Ti&    -nt 

did 

-o{yi  H.  - 

(O&i 

'tq  -tt{^i  W.  -ri  -« 

-ITM  &.C. 

-orco  &c. 

-aro*  &c. 

Infinitive. 
Ti'd'  -ivttL  H.  -rit.ievaL  did-ovai  11.  -uvat 


Ig-upai  11.  -aiiepcti 


Tid^    -iig 


did  -ug 


Participle. 


Indicat.    Impe 

rf- 

S.  iri^ 

-VP 

id  id  -a)p 

Ygt 

-t]P 

-tig 

-cog 

-n9 

-n  H.  -i 

H 

-01  H.  ov 

-fj  H.  -a(TX6 

D. 

-ffifp 

-{TOP 
-iTfjP 

-Of.l{P 
-OTOP 
-OTfJP 

-afi{p 

-UTOP 

-aTt]p . 

P. 

"f/lfV 

-ne 

-fGUP 

-OfAiP 

-0T{ 

-OGUP 

Indicat,     Aor. 

2. 

-ufiip 

-UTS 

-aGap 

S.  i& 

-t^p 
-tig 

{d 

-cap  H.  doGxop 
-(og 

-0*            d0Gi({ 

{<5 

-fiv 
-tjg 

-n 

D. 

-ffifp 

-6T0V 
-IT7]V 

-Ofi{p 
-OTOP 
-OTtjP 

-tlfAfV 

-rjTOv 
-tlTrjv 

P. 

-{fifP 
-6tS 

-Ofl{P 
-0T{ 

-r)H{p 
-rite 

-{Gap H. 

.  ^{GGUP 

-OGUP 

-fjGap 

Subjunctive, 

S.  <&  -M  H.  -{io)  d  -w  g  -cui 

-^J       -{irig  -Mg  ^tjg  H.  -lirig 

-^  -{itj  -(oH.-CDtjGl-MGl-MtJ    -7]  -Tit]         [/U*» 

D.  -a)fl{P  -{iOfJL{P  -{(t)f4{p  &LC.  ~MfJl{P  -MO^{P  &C.  -Mfi{P  ^(tOfl{V  ~{(0- 

3  PI.  -MGl  3  PI.  -MGl      -oieDGl         3  PJ.  -b)G6 

Optative* 

H.  PJur.  H.  Plur. 

x^ -{ifjp  kc.     l.-{7fnfp       d -oifip  kc.    l.-o7fi{p         q -aifjp  kc, 

3.  -{7t{  2.  -o7t{ 

3  PI.  -{i7]Gap  3.  -{7{v  3  PI.  -oitjGav     3.  -o7{p    3  Fl.-aitjGap  U.-a7fv 


^ 


-{g 


-iTO)  kc. 


«;  -ccg 


Imperative, 

d  -og 
-6t(ti  kc. 
10 


-ijroi  kc. 


70 


PARADIGM  OF  THE  PASSIVI. 


PARADIGM  OF  THE  PASSIVE. 


7i 


Infinitive. 


^  -elg 


Participle, 
d  "Ovg 


§  40.     Paradigm  of  the  Passive. 


g  -ag 


Indicative  Prces. 

• 

S.  rid-  -ffAOLv 

diS 

-O^OLV 

/'g  -afAOib 

-taai 

-OGttV 

-aaon 

-fTat> 

-oral, 

-urai 

D.        -ifAi^ov 

-OfAf&OV 

-tt^f^OV 

-tad^ov 

-oa&ov 

-(xG&OV 

P.        -fniSa  H. 

'tfltGdu 

-Oflf^tt 

-txfiid^cc 

-eaei 

-oa&€ 

'Cca^f 

-ivrai^ 

-ovtai 

Subjunctive. 

-avtai 

S.  Tld"  -lOfiOCl 

diS 

-Mfiai^ 

ig  -MfAtti 

-rii  tti 

-tarat 

-^;ra* 

D.            -Wfif&OV 

-(OfAi^OV 

-mfAfd^ov 

-tja{^ov 

-(oad^ov 

•rjo'&ov 

P.         -mfAf&a 

-wfif{^a 

-(afAf&a 

-rjad^e 

-taa'&t 

'tio'&e 

"(avrat^ 

'QiVTttlr 

Optative, 

-cuvrat 

S.  Tid-  -iififjv 

did 

"OlfAfJP 

/g  -ttifitjv 

'flo 

-oio 

-oio 

"ilTO 

-oIto 

-aiTO 

D.        -eifi(<tov 

-ol^i&ov 

-aifif^ov 

-ilad-ov 

-oIg'&ov 

-OUG^OV 

'iia&riv 

-oia^Yiv 

-aiG&'tjv 

P.             -dfAf^Ot 

-oif.if'd^u 

-aifAf&a 

'tiG^e 

"OlO'&f 

-OUG^f 

-elvTO 

-OIVTO 

-CtlVTO 

Imperative. 

Ti& 

-IGO  {ov) 

Sid  'OGO  {ov) 

ig  -otGO  (w) 

\ 

-iGd(0  &C. 

-OGdo)  &C. 

Infinitive. 

-dcGdo)  kc. 

tl& 

-fGdat, 

dlS-OG&at 

Participle, 

ig  '«a^«<- 

Itd^  - 

ifievog  H.  -tjfufpog     dcd-ofiivog 

ig  -afJLfvog 

Indicative  Imperf. 

s.  hid 

-t'^riv 

iSid  -0(.if]p 

Ig  -djiifjv 

i 

-iGo  {ov) 

-OGO  {ov) 

-aoo  (o>) 

f 

~IT0 

-OTO 

-WTO 

L                   D. 

'f/nedov 

-Ofiedov 

-afifdov 

f 

-IGdov 

-oGdov 

-aG-dop 

. 

-iGdf]V 

-OGdfjP 

-QLodriv 

t>. 

-tfifda 

-OfifdcC 

-a^idoL 

-fG&t 

-OGdf 

-ocode 

-evxo 

-OVTO 

-(XVZO 

• 

Indicat.     A  or.  2. 

S.  id 

-ifirjv 

id  -Ofitjp 

-iGO  {ov) 

-OGO  {ov) 

-era 

-OTO 

D. 

-ifufdov 

-O^fxtOV 

■ 

-fGdoV 

-OGdov 

1 

-IGdtJV 

-OGdfjP 

P. 

-ffAfSa 

-OfAfOa 

-fade 

-OGde 

-evTO 

-OVTO 

Subjunctive. 

S.  ^ 

-mfAuv 

0^ 

6  -MfAav 

-rjtai' 

-MTav 

-MflfdOP  &C 

-(xifAfdov  kc. 

3  PI. 

"bipTCCt 

3   PI.   -MVTCLl 

72 


DECLENSIONS  AND  PRONOUNS. 


I  I 


^  'iifjitiv  kc,  3  ?\.-iitfTO 


'&      -iao  -e  H.  -fo 
-fado)  kc. 


Optative. 

3  -oifAViV  kc.  3  n.  -oivio 

g-ai(At]p  &c.  3  Fl.  -alvro 
Imperative. 

O  -0(J0       -« 

-6a6(xi  kc. 


'd'  -eadac 


Infinit.  and  Particip. 
S  -ooSav  ■d'  -tfifvog 


3  -ofAfvog 


SMALLER   PARADIGMS 

FROM  HOMER. 

§  41.     Declensions  arid  Pronouns. 

The  Paradigms  of  the  Declensions  are  intended  to  exhibit  the 
forms  of  Nouns  in  Homer,  although  the  forms  of  the  particular 
Nouns  here  employed  may  not  be  found,  some  of  which  are  evi- 
dently inconsistent  with  the   measure   of  the  verse ;    e.  g.  uvffif 


S.      TiflTj 

Tijutjg  ^gr^ 
Tlflf]  tj(pi 
Tlf^fJP 

D.  Ti^fia 
P.    Tifiai 

TlflCCa)V       iMV       MV 

Tt^firiai     rjg     a7g* 
rifiag 


atXfifjTtjg  « 
cii^fit^TtM     ao     ot 

aiXfifJtaMv     HOP 
aix^it^TriGi      rig 
aixfirjTttg 


dealg  Od.  5.  Ill*,  axmlg  II.  12.  281. 


DECLENSIONS  AND  PRONOUNS. 


73 


S,    avffiog 

avt^iov     010     oq)iv 

avifio)     ocpiv 

avfjuov    oapiv 

avffif     og 
D.  cci>f'fLio> 

avi^OLv    o'l'ip 

avffiov 

aptfiwv 

apffiotoc 

ctpi/iwvg 


II. 

Forms  of  via g  added  from  theGr.  §  185.  [Tr.^ 

Sing. 


P. 


oig     oqip 


N.  viog 
.  viov 
D. 
Ac.  vlop 

N.  Ac. 

N.- 

jr.    VtOJP 

D.  vloTatv 
Ac  vlovg 
V. 


viog 
vh 
via 
Dual. 
vh 
Plur. 
vug 


vTaot 

vTag 

vhg 


S.      liODP 

XiopTog 

XtOVTV 
XtOPTU 

If'ov 
D.  Xi'opTf 

XiopToip 
P.   XiOpTfg 

XfOPXMP 
IfOVTfGGC  XfHOt 

Xfoprag 


III. 

i{7xog 

Tfi/fog  evaqt  foqi. 

Tf7j[og 
Tflxog 

Te  11^0  IP 

Zetl^MP  fG(fl 
Tfl/fOat  fOC  (G(ft 

TfiXfot 


N. 


Forms  of  xcip*;  added  from  the  Gr.  §  197. 

Sing. 


vifog 

Cj" 

Vltl 

vita 


Vtfl 


vh'fg  vh7g 
vUoiv 


vitag 
vU7g 


■noXig 

TioXiog  fog  ^^og 

'  *     ••       ^         «t 

noAii  ii  fji 
TioXip 
noXi 
noXif 
noXloip 
TioXitg  fjfg 
noXtMP 
uoXifaat, 
noXiag  ng  f^ag 

[Tk.] 


G.  i^QOLTog  ^QaiiGCfi 
D.  x^atl 

Ac.  HQUTU 

N 


i^QaaTog       xa^jjzog 
Plur. 


xa^tjaTog 


G.  iiQaXbiV 

D.  xqccgI 
Ac.  


Kpaara 


x«gt]V(K 


1*1 


74 


DECLENSIONS  AND  PRONOUNS. 


Pronouns, 


N. 
G. 

Sing. 

tVPfJ    GV 
GfO    Gf7o 

10   flO 

D. 

ififv  fxev 

GfV    GfV 
Gf'dfP    Tfolo 
Goi   TOt 

Tf'lP 

fv  iv 
iSfp 
fo7  ol 

ol 

Ac. 

ijAi  fie 

Gt    Gf 

e     t 

tr 
if 

Dual. 

f4lV 

• 

N. 

VO)lV    V(OL 

G(fiO 

GifMl'p    G<fO)i' 

G. 

D. 
Ac. 

VMl'v 
VMIP 
VM 

G(fMi'v 
Gqioi'p    G(fMP 

GqiM 

Gqut'i'v 

G(fM 

VfOl 

G(fMl 

Plur. 

Gq^oif 

N. 
G. 

rjfllMV      7]fifl(0V 

ijfififg 

{vfiffg)  VfifJg 

VfAfCJP      V(Afl(t)P 

G(ft(av 

GffflMP 

D. 

UfifAlV    a  (A  fit, 
rifAlV       7]fAtV 
fjfUP 

VfifAlP       VflfU 

Vfiiv 

GqfMP 
GCplGV   ' 
G(ftP 
G<f)t> 

Gqiop 

-P      GqiGI, 
G(flP 

Ac. 

ocfAfie 

Vfiflf 

Odftag 

G(ffag 

^juiag 

vfiifoig 

G(fag 

nqe 

Tjfiag 

§  42.     fifAi  5U//1,  Root  i  -ft). 

Those  forms  only  of  the  following  verbs,  which  occur  in  Ho- 
mer, are  exhibited. 

Prces.  Indie  at. 
Sing.  1.  flfil    2.  fig  IggI    3.  igti.     Dual  3.  Igtov,     Plur.  1.  ft- 
fAtv     2.iGte     d.fial  iaGt>, 

Subjunctive, 
Sing.  1.  eto  iio)  in  ^ere/o)  II.  23.  27.     2.  fi'ij^    3.  ftiGi  r,Gt.  ft]  f'nj 
Plur.  3.  iO)Gi  oJff^ 


HOMERIC  FORMS. 


76 


Optative. 
Sing.  t.  fYrjp     2.  fYtjg  lotg     3.  fli^  foi.     Plur.  2.  fhf     3.  elfp. 

Imperative, 
Sing.  2.  fGG  for  tGGo  Od.  3.  200.     3.  tGr(o.     Plur.  2.  t^f  3.  fqwv 

Infinitive   and  Participle. 

ffAfPOLV         ffAfifPat         ffAfP         fflfifP         fipat   — 


S     I  V 

f(OP  (DP 


Imperfect. 

Sing.  1.  fa  ?)«  fOP  fGnov  2.  ff]G6a  ^g$oi  3.  ftjv  tjtjp  ^fi/  tjif 
fGXf.  Dual  3.  tJGTfjp.  Plur.  1.  Tjfifv  2.  t/jf  3.  fGap  ^jaav  fiaro 
Od.  20.  106. 

Future    Indicat. 

Sing.  1 .  fGOfiav  fGGOpai  2.  fOfac,  fGtj  fGGfav  3.  fGftat,  fGrav 
fGGfTUL  fGGflrm.  Dual  3.  i'dfg^oi/.  ¥\\xv.\.  fGOfifGda  iGGOfifSa 
2.  fGfGde     3.  fGOPTai  fGGOvrat. 


tGfGBoii 


Infinit.  and  Particip. 
fGGfGdac 


fGGOfifvog 


§  43.     (ftifjil     Root  <p(x  -OD. 

Prms.  Indicat, 
Sing.  1.  (f^fil  2.  (ffig  3.  (ff]Gi.     Plur.  1.  q)afitv  2.  gpa«  3.  qtaGi 

Optative. 
Sing.  1.  qaifjv     2.  (fctlfjg     3.  (fai^.     Plur.  1.  q)uififv 

Infinit.  qapac  Particip.  gxig 

Imperfect. 

Sing,  l.fcprjv  (ftjv  fqaGnov  2.  f'qtjg  fg)riG6a  (frig  (ftJGda  f(faG- 
xtg  3.  fq^^t]  q)TJ  tq)aGxf.  Plur.  1.  (fofifp  2.  ^«rf  3.  fifaGccp  fipav 
(jpaGav  if)dv. 

Some  forms  in  the  Mid. 

Imperf.  Sing.  1.  fqafitjp  qdjutjv  2,q)do  3.  iqcaro  gporo  Plur. 
2.  (fuadf     3.  fqapTO  qapio. 

Imperat.  Sing.  2.  g[ao     S.qoiGeco.     Plur.  2.  gjoW. 

Particip.  qwfitpog.     lafinit.  (fuadai 


ii   I 


iv 


76 


HOMERIC  FORMS. 


§  44.      fJfil    fOj  Roots  i-CO    l-M   ii-Ct). 

Pr(£t.     Indicat. 
Sing.  l.fi)u*     2.  fiada     3,  fhi.     V\ur.l.tf4fv     %he     Z.laat. 

Subjunctive, 
Sing".  1.  Jw     2.i7](j6a     S.trjGt^i'ri.     Flur.  1.  tofifv  tcofiev     3.mai. 
Optat.  Sing.  3.  tot.  fitj.    Imperat.  Sing.  2. 1'dt  3.  iVw.      Plur.  2. 
m.     Infinit.  'ifuvav  if.i(v  livat.     Particip.  iiav. 


Imperf, 

bmg.  1.  r^tov  rjia      2.  tjteg  ifg      3.  7]ie  tje  te  tj(i  the  last  some- 
times considered    as  a  Plusqpf.      Dual  3.  it^jv.      Plur.  1.  7Jofi{v 


v.. 


3.  tjiov  iGuv  ^iibav. 

Some  Pass,  or  Mid.  forms. 

Praes.  Indicat.  3  Plur.  i'evrcct,  imperat.  tfoOf.  Particip.  ufif- 
vog.  Fut.  M.  Sing.  1 .  fifjofiat,  3.  ftanai.  Aor.  1 .  M.  ugccio 
fflaaro.  Dual  3.  ifi<T(xadt]v.  Particip.  fiadfifvog  iniftaafAtvri  11. 
21.  424. 

§  45.      tlaa  t^fiai  from  the  root  i -cj. 

Indicat.  Aor.  Sing.  3.  eTaev  {Tof.  Plur.  3.  flaav  M.  3  Sing. 
*Vffflraro. 

Imperat.  Sing.  2.  ilaov     M.  ((feaaai  Od.  15.  277. 

Iniauii.  iq)tGaai,  Od.  13.274.  Particip.  t'da?  M.  iqiaadfifvog 
Od.  16.  443. 

Perf.  Pass.  Sing.  1 .  tj^ac  2.  ^aai  3.  ^arai.  Plur.  1 .  tjfifOa  2. 
f]a6e     3.  eocrai  ^ctreci  (taxai,. 

Imperat.  Sing.  2.  ?]ffo.     Infin.  riGBat.     Particip.  tififvog. 

Plusqpf.  Sing.  1.  ilfii^v  2.  ^aro.  Dual  3.  riaSnv.  Plur.  1. 
rilAidu    3.  iaro  fi'aro  ^Vto. 


OF  THE 


GREEK  LANGUAGE  AND  ITS  DIALECTS. 


EXTRACTED    FROM 


BUTTMANN'S  AUSFUEHRLICHE  GRAMMATIK 


p.   1—9. 


1.  The  Greek  Language  {(fxavri  iUf]pcxii)  anciently  was  not 
confined  to  Greece,  but  was  spread  abroad  over  a  considerable 
portion  of  Asia  Minor,  southern  Italy,  Sicily,  and  other  regions 
where  Greek  colonies  were  established.  Like  all  other  langua- 
ges, the  Greek  had  its  different  dialects,  {didkfxrot),  all  of  which  \ 
however  may  be  reduced  to  two,  the  Doric  ^i]  doQtxri,  So^ig^)  and  f 
the  Ionic  {tj  tojviitti^  i«?,)  spoken  originally  by  the  two  principal 
Greek  tribes,  the  Dorians  and  the  lonians. 

2.  The  Doric  tribe  was  the  largest,  and  the  parent  of  the  great- 
est number  of  colonies.  Thus  the  Doric  dialect  prevailed  in  the 
whole  interior  of  Greece,  in  Italj,  and  in  Sicily.  Its  sounds  were 
harsh,  and  owing  to  the  frequent  recurrence  of  the  long  «,  made 
an  impression  on  the  ear  which  the  Greeks  denominated  nXuTic 
aafiog  (broad  pronunciation.)  As  a  whole  it  attained  to  a  less  de- 
gree of  cultivation  than  the  ionic.  The  .Eolic  {ij  aloUxti,  aloXig) 
was  a  branch  of  the  Doric,  and  in  the  .Eolic  colonies  in  Asia  Mi- 
nor, and  in  the  neighbouring  islands,  (Lesbos,  &c.,)  attained  at  an 
early  age  to  a  considerable  degree  of  refinement,  which  however 
was  probably  confined  to  poetry. 

11 


1 5 


78 


GREEK  LANGUAGL 


3.  The  principal  residence  of  the  Ionic  tribe  in  the  earliest 
times  was  Attica.  From  this  region  they  sent  forth  their  colonies 
to  the  shores  of  Asia  Minor.  As  these  colonies,  earlier  than  the 
mother  country,  and  indeed  earlier  than  all  the  other  Greeks,  were 
in  many  respects  cultivated  and  refined,  the  terms  lojiians^  Ionic, 
were  used  hy  way  of  eminence  to  denote  them  and  their  dialect, 
and  finally  were  exclusively  appropriated  to  them.  Ihe  original 
lonians  in  Attica  were  now  called  Jlitics^  Athenians,  The  Ionic 
di;^lect,  owing  to  the  multiplicity  of  vowels,  is  the  softest  of  all. 
The  Attic  {}]  amxt]^  an'^/sO?  which  was  cultivated  at  a  later  peri- 
od, soon  surpassed  them  all  ;  avoiding,  by  Attic  skill  and  dexteri- 
ty, both  the  Doric  roughness  and  the  Ionic  eflfeminacy.     Although 

j  Attica  was  the  mother  country,  the  Ionic,  even  of  those  Asiatic  col- 
onies, is  nevertheless  regarded  as  the  parent  of  the  Attic,  because 
the  Ionic  was  cultivated  at  a  period,  when  it  had  departed  the 
least  from  the  dialect  of  their  common  parent,  the  old  Ionic. 

JVote  1.  The  dexterity  displayed  by  the  Attics  in  the  manage- 
ment of  their  dialect  is  most  obvious  in  its  syntax.  Here  the  Attic 
dialect  is  distinguished,  not  only  from  the  other  dialects,  but  also 
from  every  other  language,  by  an  apposite  brevity,  by  bringing 
together,  with  great  effect,  the  principal  points  of  interest,  and  by 
a  moderation  in  asserting  and  judging,  which  passed  from  the  po- 
lite tone  of  society  into  the  language  itself. 

I  Ao<f  2.  Another  circumstance  which  renders  the  Attic  dialect 
so  attractive,  and  which  has  been  noticed  by  few,  is  its  regard  for 
peculiarity  of  idiom,  and  the  love  which  the  Athenians  cherished 
for  this  and  for  distinct  national  characteristics  in  general.  How- 
ever advantageous  for  the  understanding,  und  congenial  to  the 
sense  of  beauty,  a  language  may  be,  which  proposes  for  itself  a  cor- 
rect logic,  pursues  a  tixed  and  consistent  analogy,  and  employs 
pleasing  sounds,  all  these  advantages  are  nevertheless  lifeless  and 
inefficient  without  ihe  above  mentioned  charm.  This  consists 
in  the  sacrifice  of  fundamental  laws,  especially  of  logic  and  of  gen- 
eral analogy,  to  peculiar  forms  or  idioms,  which  have  their  origin 
partly  in  certain  characteristics  of  the  nation,  and  partly,  beyond 
a  doubt,  in  an  apprehe^ision  of  the  fundamental  rules  not  entirely 
conformed  to  that  of  the  schools.  In  this  manner  anomalies 
bad  found  their  way  into  the  Attic  dialect,  as  is  the  case  in  all 
languages,  in  regard  to  which  however  the  cultivated  writers 


AND  ITS  DIALECTS. 


79 


were  not  disposed  to  make  a  change,  out  of  regard  for  antiquity 
and  for  the  ears  of  the  people  accustomed  to  such  forms  and  ex- 
pressions, and,  as  we  have  already  observed,  from  their  love  of 
that  peculiarity  of  idiom  which  gives  to  their  dialect  an  individual 
and  distinct  existence.  When  irregularities  or  anomalies  mingle 
themselves  with  the  daily  idioms  and  expressions  in  other  langua- 
ges, it  is  regarded  as  an  indication  of  inaccuracy  and  want  of  skill ; 
in  the  Attics  however,  who  are  so  skilful  and  dexterous,  it  is  re- 
garded rather  as  an  unwillingness  to  make  the  correction.  They 
felt  that  by  rejecting  these  anomalies  they  would  deprive  the  lan- 
guage of  the  impress  of  a  natural  production,  which  every  lan- 
guage really  is,  and  would  give  it  the  appearance  of  a  work  of  art, 
which  a  language  never  can  be.  Obviously  therefore  we  cannot 
here  be  supposed  to  speak  of  intentional  anomalies,  by  means  of 
which  a  language  receives  the  appearance  of  a  mere  plaything  or 
toy,  however  ready  the  ancient  Grammarians  frequently  were  to 
advance  such  a  mode  of  explanation. 

J^oie  3.  Other  branches  of  the  above  mentioned  dialects,  as  the 
Bosotian,  Laconian^Thessalian,  kc.  are  known  only  from  single  words 
and  forms,  from  scattered  records,  from  inscriptions,  &c. 

4.  We  must  admit  an  ancient  primitive  Greek  language  as  the  ' 
common  parent  of  all  the  dialects.  Of  this  primitive  language  we 
can  obtain,  or  more  properly  speaking,  suppose,  certain  forms,  on- 
ly by  means  of  philological  research  under  the  guidance  of  phi- 
losophy. Every  dialect  has  retained  naturally  more  or  less  of  this 
primitive  language,  and  every  one  must  also  yet  retain  many  forms, 
which  in  the  others  have  passed  into  desuetude  and  been  gradual- 
ly lost.  This  circumstance  sufficiently  explains  how  the  Gramma-  ' 
rians  can  speak  of  Doricisms,  iEolicisms,  and  even  Atticisms,  in 
Homer,  whose  language  was  the  old  Ionic.  In  general,  it  was  cus- 
tomary to  designate  forms  and  expressions  by  the  name  of  the  dia- 
lect in  which  they  most  frequently  occurred,  although  not  exclu- 
sively confined  to  this  dialect.  Thus  we  explain  the  Doricisms, 
as  they  are  called,  which  occur  in  the  Attic  writers,  and  the  Attic 
forms,  met  with  in  writers  bv  no  means  Attic. 

5.  To  this  same  primitive  language  belong  also,  for  the  most 
part,  the  forms,  &c.  usually  denominated  poetical  license9.  It  is  true 
indeed  the  poet  contributes  largely  to  the  formation  of  a  language. 
Through  his  efforts  the  language  first  becomes  a  harmonious,  ex- 


liL 


J  i 


ft 


If 


80 


GREEK  LANGUAGE 


\ 


pressive,  and  copious  whole.     But   the   poet  will  never  assume, 
without  regard  (o  the  previously  existing  materials  and  analogy  of 
the  languaare,  the  forms  and  expressions  which  he  finds  necessary. 
,  This  would  be  the  surest  way  to  displease.   The  oldest  Greek  po- 
ets made  a  selection  from  the  various  forms  then  actually  in  use, 
according  to  the  exigences  of  the  case.     Many  of  these  forms  be- 
came  obsolete  in  course  of  time.     But  the  later  poets,  who  had 
1  their  ancient  brethren  constantly  before  their  eyes  as  models,  would 
not  submit  to   be   deprived   of  this    treasure.     Thus   those  forms 
which  originally  were  in  actual  use,  became  in  reality  poetical  pe- 
culiarities, or,  as  they  are  called,  licenses.     They  are  therefore, 
m  such  a  case,  with  propriety,  numbered  among  the  dialects. 

JVote  4.  This  however  must  not  be  so  understood,  as  if  every  sin- 
gle word  which  occurs  in  the  older  poets,  was  once  actually  used 
in  common  life.  The  right  which  even  the  modern  poets  assume,  in 
the  most  copious  languages,  of  forming  new  words,  and  of  mould- 
ing anew  those  already  extnnt,  must  certainly  be  conceded  to  the 
ancient  poets  in  those  times  of  poverty.  The  materials  howev- 
er,  and  the  form,  they  did  not  assume  of  themselves.  They  were 
indebted  for  these  to  the  store-house  itself  and  the  analogy  of  the 
language.  It  need  scarcely  be  observed  that  the  liberty  of  round- 
ing and  polishing,  to  a  certain  degree,  the  forms  in  common  use, 
cannot  be  denied  to  those  who  must  necessarily  consult  euphony,' 
and  who  are  fettered  by  the  rules  of  metre. 

6.  In  most  of  the  cultivated  nations,  one  of  their  dialects  usual- 
ly becomes  the  language  of  literature  and  of  polished  circles.  In 
Greece  however,  this  was  not  immediately  the  case.  Here  there 
was  no  considerable  cultivation  or  refinement  until  the  several 
states,  separated  by  local  and  political  circumstances,  assumed  an 
independent  existence.  Poetry  and  prose  therefore,  until  about 
the  time  of  Alexander,  were  composed  in  the  vernacular  dialect  of 
the  authors,  or  in  that  to  which  they  may  have  given  the  prefer- 
ence.  Thus  were  produced  Ionic,  JEolic,  Doric  and  Mic  poets  and 
prose  writers,  of  whose  productions  more  or  less  have  descended 
to  our  times. 

JSTote  6.  The  great  works  of  art  alone,  which  attracted  univer- 
sal  attention,  such  as  epic  and  dramatic  poetry,  were  here  an  ex- 
ception.  The  original  authors  of  these  availed  themselves,  no 
doubt,  of  their  vernacular  dialect ;  but,  for  a  later  poet  to  attempt 


AND  ITS  DIALECTS. 


81 


a  mere  copy  of  the  same  in  another  dialect,  would  not  only  have 
required  an  equal  degree  of  invention  and  talent,  but  would  also 
have  proved  to  no  purpose,  since  the  Greeks  of  every  tribe  or  na- 
tion were  already  familiar  with  these  forms  and  tones  in  this  spe- 
cies of  composition,  and  were  unable  to  separate  the  one  from  the 
other.  The  dialect  in  which  the  first  master-pieces  were  written, 
remained  the  appropriate  dialect  of  that  species.  Vid.  Text  10.  11. 
JVote  6.  To  the  Ionic  dialect  belong  the  most  ancient  poets,  viz. 
Homer,  Hesiod,  Theognis,  &c.  who  wrote  in  that  apparently  mix- 
ed dialect  which  approaches  the  nearest  to  the  most  ancient  lan- 
guage of  Greece,  and  which  afterwards  remained  the  poetical  di- 
alect in  most  kinds  of  poetical  composition.  The  proper,  but 
younger  Ionic  is  found  in  the  prose  writers,  among  whom  Herodotus 
and  Hippocrates  were  the  most  eminent,  although  both  were  na- 
tive Dorians.  For  the  Ionic  dialect,  on  account  of  its  peculiar 
softness  and  early  cultivation,  had  already  been  extensively  circu- 
lated, and  employed  both  in  poetry  and  prose,  especially  in  Asia 

Minor. 

JVote  7.  Lyric  poets  are  met  with  in  all  the  dialects.  The 
most  ancient  and  most  celebrated,  however,  were  jEolians.  At 
the  head  of  these  stood  Sappho  and  Alcaeus,  of  whose  composi- 
tions, only  a  few  fragmentary  remains  have  escaped  the  ravages 
of  time.  Anacreon,  of  whom  also  are  only  a  few,  in  part  mutila- 
ted and  in  part  doubtful,  remains,  wrote  in  the  Ionic.  Most  of  the 
remaining  Lyric  poets  composed  in  the  Doric,  creating  for  them- 
selves, at  pleasure,  every  one  his  own  language,  from  the  various 
forms  of  this  widely  extended  dialect.  Pindar  is  the  only  one  of 
these  last  of  whom  any  thing  entire  has  reached  us. 

JVote  8.  But  few  prose  writings  in  the  Doric  dialet  are  extant, 
and  those  principally  of  a  mathematical  and  philosophical  nature. 
For  the  Attic  writers  see  the  following  notes. 

7.  In  the  mean  time  Athens  had  arisen  to  such  political  impor- 
tance as  to  assert  a  kind  of  supremacy  in  Greece,  and  was  at  the 
same  time  the  focus  of  all  scientfic  culture.  Their  unmixed  de- 
mocracy secured  to  the  exercise  of  eloquence  and  to  the  dramat- 
ic exhibitions,  that  freedom  which,  in  connexion  with  other  advan- 
tages, elevated  to  the  highest  pitch,  not  those  branches  alone  of 
literature,  but  the  other  kindred  pursuits  also  of  history  and  phi- 


62 


CREEK  LANGUAGE 


AND  ITS  DIALECTS. 


85 


If' 


losophy,  and  gave  to  the  Attic  dialect  a  perfection  and  a  copious- 
ness which  no  other  dialect  attained. 

Nott  9.  The  principal  prose  writers  (of  the  poets  we  shall 
speak  presently)  of  this  golden  age  of  Attic  literature,  are  Thu- 
cydides,  Xenophon,  Plato,  Isocrates,  Demosthenes,  and  the  other 
Orators. 

8.  Greeks  of  every  tribe  and  nation  resorted  now  to  Athens  to 
receive  instruction.  In  the  most  extended  and  cultivated  fields  of 
literature,  the  Attic  master  pieces  were  proposed  as  models.  In 
consequence  of  this,  as  soon  as  Greece  became  politically  one  un- 
der the  Macedonian  monarchy,  the  Attic  dialect  became,  in  a  short 
time,  the  language  of  the  court  and  of  literature.  The  prose  wri- 
ters of  all  Greece  now  composed  almost  exclusively  in  this  dialect. 
From  this  time  it  was  taught  in  the  schools,  and  the  Grammarian! 
decided,  from  these  models,  what  was  pure  Attic  and  what  was  not. 
The  central  point  of  this  later  Greek  literature,  was  established 
under  the  Ptolemies  at  Alexandria  in  Egypt. 

9.  The  Attic  dialect,  at  the  same  time  that  it  was  enjoying  an 
universal  reception,   began,  as  we  might  expect,  gradually  to  lose 
its  original  purity.   Authors  either  mingled  with  the  pure  Attic  ma- 
ny peculiarities  of  their  vernacular  dialect,  or  exchanged  many  At- 
tic anomalies  and  apparently  laboured   expressions,  for  the  more 
natural  and  regular  forms.     In  some  cases,  a  simple  Attic  form, 
which  in  common   life   had  become  more  or   less   antiquated,  was 
abandoned,  and  a  form  then  in  use   introduced,  e.  g.  vfj^fo^at  for 
v67p,  ixQOTQiav  for  uqovv.     The  Grammarians,  frequently  wilh  ex- 
cessive pedantry,  endeavoured  to   prevent  this   manfest   decline. 
For  objectionable,  or  at  least,  less  elegant  forms  and  expressions, 
they  proposed  others  drawn  from  the  older  Attic  writers.     Hence 
it  became  customary   to  comprehend,  under   the  term  Aitic^  only 
what  had  been   preserved  from   those  classic  Attics,  and  what  in 
the  strictest  sense  was  peculiar  to  (hem.     The  language  however, 
formed  in  the  manner  above  described  fron*  the  Attic,  and  in  use 
in  cultivated   society,  was  now  denominated   Tiowri  the  common^  or 
iXkrjviKTj  the    Greek  or  common  Greek.     Even   the    later  authors 
themselves  were  now  called  ol  xotvol  or  oi"EXXr)v(g,  in  distinction 
from  the  genuine  Attics.     We  must  guard  however  against  the  no- 
tion,  that  this  vtoivrj  diaXaiiTog  was  a  peculiar  and  distinct  dialect. 


It  remained  always  essentially  Attic,  and  every  grammar  of  the    f 


common  Greek  aimed  principally  to  present  the  Attic  dialect. 

Note  10.  We  can  readilv  conceive  that  under  such  circumstan- 
ces,  the  terms  yioivog,  xocvov  became  even  reproachful ;  and  al- 
though it  denoted  properly  what  was  then  common  to  all  the 
Greeks,  the  Athenians  themselves  not  excepted,  it  was  emploj^ed 
by  the  Grammarians  to  designate  what  was  not  pure  Attic.  Every 
form  however,  which  is  called  Attic,  is  not  for  this  reason  exclu- 
sively Attic,  not  even  those  in  use  among  the  Athenians  themselves. 
Many  genuine  Attic  forms  were  not  received  even  in  Athens  to  the 
exclusion  of  others,  with  which  they  were  frequently  interchanged 
in  common  use,  e.  g.  q.iXoh]  with  (jr^Ao?,  ^vv  with  gxjv.  Certain  Ion- 
ic forms  also  had  never  become  strange  to  (he  Attic  ear,  e.  g.  un- 
contracted  in  place  of  the  contracted  forms,  of  which  the  writers, 
who  always  consulted  the  ear,  could  avail  themselves  at  pleasure. 
This  approximation  to  the  Ionic  furnishes  the  principal  test  of  the 
older  Attic,  taken  in  its  stricter  sense,  to  which  for  instance  Thu- 
cydides  belongs,  as  Demosthenes  to  the  more  modern  Attic,  which 
forms  the  transition  to  the  later  or  yioivri, 

Kote  1 1 .  To  give  an  accurate  and  apposite  classification,  we 
should  commence  the  later  Attics  or  Y,oivoijg  with  the  first,  who 
were  not  Athenians,  who  nevertheless  wrote  in  the  Attic  dialect, 
and  class  wilh  these  the  later  writers  who  were  really  Athenians. 
To  this  class  then  belong  Aristotle,  Theophrastus,  Apollodorus,  Po- 
lybius,  Diodorus,  Plutarch,  and  the  other  later  authors,  among 
whom  however,  many,  as  for  instance  Lucian,  ^Elian,  and  Arrian, 
endeavoured  to  adopt,  as  far  as  possible,  the  genuine  ancient  Attic. 
JVote  12.  The  Macedonian  dialect  must  be  especially  regarded 
among  those  which  were  in  various  degrees  incorporated  with  the 
later  Greek.  The  Macedonian  nation  was  allied  to  the  Greeks, 
and  numbered  itself  with  the  Dorians.  They  introduced,  as  con- 
querors, the  Greek  cultivation  and  refinement  among  the  conquer- 
ed barbarians.  Here  also,  the  Greek  was  spoken  and  written,  not 
however  without  some  peculiarities  of  form,  which  the  Gramma- 
rians denominate  Macedonian.  As  Egypt  and  its  capital  city  Alex- 
andria became  the  principal  seat  of  the  later  Greek  culture,  these 
forms  were  comprehended  under  the  name  of  the  Alexandrian  di' 
alect.  The  natives  also  of  these  conquered  countries,  began  to 
speak  the  Greek  (AAi;viff^i/),  and  such  an  Asiatic  Greek  was  de- 


"""^WliWMII 


wmmm'mifm'Mtm  n    mi<mm'«'- 


84 


GREEK  LANGUAGE 


I  nominated  ikXrjvcati^g.  Hence  the  style  of  the  writers  of  this  class, 
j  with  which  were  incorporated  many  forms  not  Greek  and  many 
oriental  turns  of  expression,  was  denominated  Helenistic,  It  need 
scarcely  be  observed  that  this  dialect  is  contained  in  the  Jewish 
and  Christian  monuments  of  those  times,  especially  in  the  Septua- 
gint  and  in  the  new  Testament,  whence  it  passed  more  or  less  in- 
to the  works  of  the  Fathers.  New  barbarisms  of  every  kind  were 
introduced  during  the  middle  ages,  when  Constantinople,  the  an- 
cient Byzantium,  became  the  seat  of  the  Greek  Empire,  and  the 
center  of  literary  cultivation.  Out  of  this  arose  the  dialect  of  the 
Byzantine  writers,  and  finally,  the  yet  living  language  of  the  mod- 
ern Greeks. 

Note  13.  To  avoid  all  misunderstanding,  we  must  here  observe, 
'  that  the  ancient  Grammarians,  and  many  of  the  moderns  who  fol- 
lowed in  their  steps,  employ  the  names  of  the  dialects  in  general, 
as  well  as  the  term  kovvov^  without  any  regard  to  their  true  his- 
torical sense.  This  is  especially  the  case,  when  they  endeavour 
to  explain  etymologically  and  grammatically  the  forms  and  the  va- 
rious inflexions  of  words.  Thus  they  denominate  the  simple  or 
natural  Greek  form,  or  what  they  deem  to  be  such,  xom/tJ  ;  every 
other  form,  derived  from  this  by  means  of  any  changes,  in  what- 
ever tribe  or  nation  it  may  be  found,  or  even  if  it  be  now  for  the 
first  time  assumed,  they  designate  by  the  name  of  the  dialect  in 
which  such  changes  usually  take  place.  Every  contraction,  for  in- 
stance, is  denominated  Attic  ;  every  change  of  a  into  t]^  Ionic;  &.C. 
The  gen.  tioXloq  from  noXi^g  is  called  common  (xoti/cu?),  although 
this  form  properly  speaking  was  never  in  general  use  ;  noliog^  I- 
onic,  because  the  lonians  frequently  introduced  e  for  other  vow- 
els ,  noXeo)!;  however,  Attic,  because  the  forms  in  -tag  are  so  fa- 
miliar to  the  Attics.  Whereas,  in  truth,  regardmg  the  matter  his- 
torically, TioXiog  belongs  to  the  ionic  and  Doric,  noXiog  to  the  po- 
ets alone,  and  noXifag  to  the  Attics  and  to  all  those  who  used  the 
common  dialect.  Thus,  according  to  them,  a  form  must  pass  from 
some  simpler  one  through  several  intermediate  forms,  each  of 
which  is  referred  to  some  dialect,  although  frequently  no  one  of 
them  was  ever  really  in  use. 

10.  As  to  the  general  adoption  of  the  Attic  dialect,  an  excep- 
tion must  be  made  in  respect  to  certain  species  of  poetry.  The 
Attics  were  models  only  in  the  Drama.     As  dramatic  poetry,  from 


AND  ITS  DIALECTS. 


S5 


the  circumstances  of  the  case,  can  only  be  the  language  of  com- 
mon life  ennobled  or  elevated,  the  Attic  dialect  alone  was  of  course 
admitted  on  the  Athenian  stage,  it  was  afterwards  adopted  and 
retained  by  every  theatre  in  Greece.  The  dramatic  poets,  in  the. 
dialogue,  especially  that  consistmg  of  Trimeters  or  Senarii,  be- 
sides the  free  use  of  apostrophe  and  contraction,  availed  them- 
selves of  but  few  of  the  so  named  poetical  licenses  and  changes. 

Note  14.  The  comic  writers,  as  might  naturally  be  supposed, 
availed  themselves  of  these  licenses  and  changes  the  least  of  all  ; 
on  the  contrary,  to  the  Senarius  of  tragedy,  many  Homeric  forms 
were  always  well  adapted.  Besides,  in  the  dramatic  department, 
only  genuine  and  ancient  Attics  have  been  preserved,  viz.  the  tra- 
gedians iEschylas,  Sophocles,  Euripides,  and  the  comic  writer  Aris- 
tophanes. 

1 1 .  In  the  other  departments  of  poetry,  especially  those  in  which 
the  Hexameter  measure  prevailed,  viz.  the  epic,  didactic,  elegiac. 
Homer  and  the  other  ancient  ionic  poets,  who  were  read  in  the 
schools,  continued  always  to  be  the  models,  and  in  this  species  of 
composition  the  old  Ionic  or  Homeric  language,  with  most  of  its 
peculiarities  and  antiquated  forms,  was  still  preserved.  This  dia- 
lect therefore,  like  the  Attic  in  prose  compositions,  was  appropri- 
ated  to  poetry  of  this  class,  in  the  Alexandrian  and  later  ages.  It 
was  no  longer  understood  by  the  unlettered,  but  required,  in  order 
to  comprehend  and  enjoy  it  perfectly,  a  learned  education.  We 
may  with  propriety  comprise  all  the  forms,  &c.  connected  with  this 
species  of  poetry,  under  the  name  of  the  Epic  Language^  for  they 
were  all  originally  derived  from  the  epic  poetry. 

Note  15.  The  most  celebrated  poets  belonging  to  this  class  are 
ApoUonius,  Callimachus,  Aratus,  and  in  later  times,  Oppian,  Quin- 

tus,  &c. 

12.  The  Doric  dialect  also  was  not  excluded  from  the  poetry 
of  the  later  ages,  it  was  met  with  in  smaller  pieces,  especially  in 
pastorals  and  sportive  poems.  This  was  in  part  owing  to  the  ear- 
lier compositions  of  this  kind  in  the  Doric  dialect  which  served  as 
models,  and  in  part  to  the  circumstance,  that  the  rustic  idiom  and 
the  lan<»"uage  of  the  lower  conditions  of  society  were  essential  to 
such  compositions.  This  idiom  and  language,  however,  owing  to 
the  extent  of  the  Doric  trib^,  was  almost  every  where  the  Doric. 

12} 


86 


GREEK  LANGUAGE  AND  ITS  DIALECTS. 


Note  16.  The  Idylls  of  Theocritus,  Moschns  and  Bion,  are 
composed  in  the  Doric.  This  more  modern  Doric  differs  howev- 
er very  much  from  the  dialect  of  Pindar.  The  ancient  Epigrams 
were  sometimes  Ionic  and  sometimes  Doric.  Here  however  the 
Doric  was  more  simple  and  noble,  and  confined  itself  to  a  small 
number  of  characteristic  forms,  which  were  familiar  to  the  culti- 
vated poet  of  every  tribe. 

13.  We  have  yet  to  observe  that  the  language  which  prevails 
in  the  Lyric  portion  of  the  drama,  i.  e.  the  chorus  and  in  the  most 
pathetic  addresses,  has  usually  been  styled  Doric  But  the  Dori- 
cisms  consist  here  in  little  more  than  the  predominance  of  the  long 
(X,  especially  for  ?;,  which  was  a  characteristic  of  the  older  lan- 
guage, and  owing  to  its  dignity  was  retained  in  the  more  elevated 
and  affecting  pieces,  while  in  common  life  it  remained  peculiar 
to  the  Doric*  In  the  other  respects  this  lyric  dialect  approxima- 
ted to  the  abovementioned  Epic  language. 


*  Vid.  §  2.  In  these  chorusses,  however,  genuine  and  peculiar 
Doricisms  cannot  be  found,  e.  g.  Infio.  in  -ev  and  -riv,  Accuss.  Plur. 
in  (ag  and  -og,  &c. 


|»>»V-***"'-i«»ft»i»#-*'«t.»--««>jai»eW<^> 


Mpfif- 


NawMiiiti  ijiKJUJu  «WlMMiHa»wiii>wPirwi>iBBiiiii»Bflit?»*« 


O^i 


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